| 词条 | Kerman | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Kerman | native_name = کرمان | native_name_lang = fa | official_name = Ancient names: Kārmānia, Boutiā, Germānia | native name = {{lang|fa|کرمان}} {{Transl|fa|DIN|Kermān}} | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = City_of_Kerman_montage.jpg | imagesize = 300px | nickname = {{lang|fa|ديار كريمان}} (Persian for "Land of Karimans"), The City of Stars | image_seal = Official seal of Kermān.png | image_caption = Left to right: Bazaar of Kerman; Great Library of Kerman; Ganjali Khan complex; Jameh Mosque; Jabaliyeh dome, an ancient museum of stone. | pushpin_map = Iran | mapsize = 150px | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Kerman | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = Kerman | subdivision_type3 = Bakhsh | subdivision_name3 = Central | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = mehran alem zadeh [1] | established_title = Founded | established_date = c. 3rd century AD | area_total_km2 = 185 | area_total_sq_mi = 85.16 | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2016 Census | population_footnotes = | population_urban = 537,718 [2] | population_metro = | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Population Rank in Iran | population_blank1 = 14th | population_demonym = Kermani | timezone = IRST | utc_offset = +3:30 | timezone_DST = IRDT | utc_offset_DST = +4:30 | coordinates = {{coord|30|17|N|57|05|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 1755 | elevation_ft = 5758 | website = [https://kermancity.ir/index.php/en// www.kermancity.ir/index.php/en/] | area_code = +98 343 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 761 | blank_name = Main language(s) | blank_info = Persian | blank1_name = Climate | blank1_info = BWk | footnotes = }}Kerman ({{pronunciation|Fa-ir-kerman_(1).ogg}}) ({{lang-fa|كرمان}}, also romanized as Kermān, Kermun, and Kirman; also known as Carmania)[4] is the capital city of Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2011 census, its population was 821,374, in 221,389 households, making it the 10th most populous city of Iran.[5] It is the largest and most developed city in Kerman Province and the most important city in the southeast of Iran. It is also one of the largest cities of Iran in terms of area. Kerman is famous for its long history and strong cultural heritage {{citation needed|date=February 2015}}. The city is home to many historic mosques and Zoroastrian fire temples. Kerman became the capital city of Iranian dynasties several times during its history. It is located on a large, flat plain, 800 km (500 mi) south-east of Tehran, the capital of Iran. History{{see also|Timeline of Kerman}}Kerman was founded as a defensive outpost, with the name Veh-Ardashir, by Ardashir I, founder of the Sasanian Empire, in the 3rd century AD.[6] After the Battle of Nahāvand in 642, the city came under Muslim rule. At first the city's relative isolation allowed Kharijites and Zoroastrians to thrive there, but the Kharijites were wiped out in 698, and the population was mostly Muslim by 725. Already in the eighth century the city was famous for its manufacture of cashmere wool shawls and other textiles. The Abbasid Caliphate's authority over the region was weak, and power passed in the tenth century to the Buyid dynasty, which maintained control even when the region and city fell to Mahmud of Ghazni in the late tenth century. The name Kerman was adopted at some point in the tenth century.[7] Under the rule of the Seljuq Turks in the 11th and 12th centuries, Kerman remained virtually independent, conquering Oman and Fars.[8] When Marco Polo visited Kerman in 1271, it had become a major trade emporium linking the Persian Gulf with Khorasan and Central Asia.[9] Subsequently, however, the city was sacked many times by various invaders. Kerman expanded rapidly during the Safavid dynasty. Carpets and rugs were exported to England and Germany during this period.[10] In 1793 Lotf Ali Khan defeated the Qajars, and in 1794 he captured Kerman. But soon after he was besieged in Kerman for six months by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar. When the city fell to Agha Mohammad Khan, angered by the popular support that Lotf Ali Khan had received,{{clarify|date=February 2015}}many of the male inhabitants were killed or blinded, and a pile was made out of 20,000 detached eyeballs and poured in front of the victorious Agha Mohammad Khan.[11] Many women and children were sold into slavery, and in ninety days the city turned into ruins. However, the Zoroastrians of Kerman who had been strong supporters of Lotf Ali Khan suffered the wrath of the founder of Qajar dynasty the most during this period. The present city of Kerman was rebuilt in the 19th century to the northwest of the old city, but the city did not return to its former size until the 20th century. GeographyKerman is located on a high margin of Kavir-e Lut (Lut Desert) in the south-central part of Iran. The city is surrounded by mountains. Kerman is also located along the Saheb Al Zman mountain. The city is 1,755 m (5,758 ft) above sea level, making it third in elevation among provincial capitals in Iran. Winter brings very cold nights to Kerman. Mountains in the south and southeast Jftan Joopar and Plvar and Kerman{{clarify|date=February 2015}} have snow all year round. Kerman is located at latitude 30.29 and longitude 57.06. ClimateKerman has a cold desert climate (BWk, according to the Köppen climate classification), with hot summers and cool to cold winters. Precipitation is scarce throughout the year. The city's many districts are surrounded by mountains that bring variety to Kerman's year-round weather pattern. The northern part of the city is located in an arid desert area, while the highland of the southern part of the city enjoys a more moderate climate. The mean elevation of the city is about {{convert|1755|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. The city of Kerman has a moderate climate. The average annual rainfall is 142 mm. Otherwise, its climate is relatively cool (by Iranian standards).[10] {{Weather box|width = auto |location = Kerman |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 11.8 |Feb high C = 14.2 |Mar high C = 18.6 |Apr high C = 23.8 |May high C = 29.8 |Jun high C = 34.8 |Jul high C = 35.5 |Aug high C = 34.0 |Sep high C = 31.0 |Oct high C = 25.7 |Nov high C = 19.2 |Dec high C = 14.1 |year high C = 24.4 |Jan mean C = 4.4 |Feb mean C = 7.1 |Mar mean C = 12.1 |Apr mean C = 17.2 |May mean C = 22.9 |Jun mean C = 28.0 |Jul mean C = 28.9 |Aug mean C = 26.9 |Sep mean C = 23.3 |Oct mean C = 17.4 |Nov mean C = 10.8 |Dec mean C = 6.2 |year mean C = 17.1 |Jan low C = -4.0 |Feb low C = -1.1 |Mar low C = 3.4 |Apr low C = 7.9 |May low C = 12.0 |Jun low C = 15.6 |Jul low C = 17.0 |Aug low C = 14.2 |Sep low C = 9.8 |Oct low C = 4.8 |Nov low C = -0.7 |Dec low C = -3.6 |year low C = 6.3 |Jan precipitation mm = 29.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 26.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 32.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 19.5 |May precipitation mm = 8.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.5 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.7 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.6 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.3 |Oct precipitation mm = 0.7 |Nov precipitation mm = 5.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 18.4 |year precipitation mm = |source 1 = Iran Gazette[12] |date=September 2018}} Geological characteristicsFor Iranian paleontologists, Kerman has always been considered a fossil paradise. The discovery of new dinosaur footprints in 2005 renewed hopes for better understanding the history of this area.[13][14] Economy{{Main article|Kerman carpet}}The economy of Kerman is mostly based on farming, notably nut farming and also mining. Sarchashmeh Copper mine is the second biggest copper mine in the world after the one located in Chile. Pistachios are an important part of the economy in Kerman, with Kerman Province being the largest producer of pistachios in Iran and the world. Carpet weaving is one of the main industries of the city, and the carpets produced there are renowned internationally.[9] Carpet weaving is a very old tradition in Kerman. The oldest carpet discovered in Kerman, dates from about 500 years ago.[15] Cotton textiles and goats-wool shawls are also manufactured.[16] A number of modern establishments such as textile mills and brickworks also have been constructed. The province's mineral wealth includes copper and coal.[9] CultureKerman is among several cities in Iran with a strong cultural heritage, which is expressed in the local accent, poetry, local music, handicrafts and customs that Kerman has introduced to the world. The only anthropology Iran museum of Zoroastrians in the world{{clarify|date=February 2015}}, which showcases the ancient history of Zoroastrians, is in Kerman’s Fire Temple. The idea of launching the museum along with the library of Kerman’s Zoroastrian Society came to light in 1983, when the head of the society, Parviz Vakhashouri, and the former head of the library, Mehran Gheibi, collected cultural heritage artifacts of Kerman’s Zoroastrian community. These two officials added many other objects to this collection. The museum was officially inaugurated during Jashn-e Tirgan in 2005 by Iran’s Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO). Jashn-e Tirgan or Tiregan is an ancient Iranian rain festival observed on July 1. The festivity refers to archangel Tir (literally meaning arrow) or Tishtar (lightning), who appear in the sky to generate thunder and lightning for providing much needed rain. The Sadeh ceremony is celebrated every year in Kerman. Also, the archeological ancient areas of Jiroft and Tappe Yahya Baft are located south of Kerman. Rayen Castle is also located in Rayen town, southeast of Kerman. Some of the handicrafts and souvenirs of the province of Kerman are traditional embroidery known as pateh, carpets, rugs, jajeems, Kilims (a coarse carpet), satchels, and other hand woven articles. Caraway seeds and pistachio of Rafsanjan and Kerman are best of the main items of this province.[17] DemographyThe people of Kerman are Persians, and most are Muslims (Both Sunni and Shi'a). Kerman has a small but culturally significant Zoroastrian minority. The population of the city in 1996 was 385,000 and in 2006 was 515,414; the current population is 621,374, including 312,873 male and 308,501 female.[18] Population developmentSome of these figures are estimates only, official census results are indicated with (¹).[19]
¹ official census results GovernmentPolitics in Kerman are influenced by the former President Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, his brother and Vice President Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani and Hossein Marashi, both from nearby Rafsanjan. Mohammad Javad Bahonar was born in Kerman. He was an Iranian scholar, Shiite theologian and politician who served as the Prime minister of Iran from 15{{nbsp}}to 30{{nbsp}}August 1981 when he was assassinated by Mujahideen-e Khalq (MEK). Colleges and universities
SportThe city is home to many athletic teams representing different sports. Mes Kerman is the major football team of the city. It was promoted to Iran's top league, the Persian Gulf Pro League, in the 2005–06 season. The team is named after and sponsored by Kerman's copper industries. This team has a history of participating in the AFC Champions League. The team now competes in the Azadegan League. Also, many famous soccer players were born in Kerman.
In October 2013, Kerman was host to the qualifying Group D of AFC U-19 Championship 2014. Kerman sport venues
MediaKerman is the media center of the Kerman Province. Many newspapers are published in the city such as Kerman Emruz (Kerman Today) and Bidari. Hadis–Pasargad is also a weekly newspaper. Kerman has a 24-hour TV channel known as the Kerman Channel or Channel 5. The city also has a radio station. TransportationKerman is on the Tehran, Bandar Abbas and Zahedan route. Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani Airport is considered one of Iran's main airports. It has daily and weekly flights to Tehran, Ahwaz, Yazd, Esfahan, Bandar Abbas, Mashhad and Shiraz.[10] Also, the Trans-Iranian Railway passes through this city.[10] Kerman's newly built bus terminus, Adineh, opened in May 2013. Mahan Air airlineThe international company Mahan Air was established in 1992 and has its headquarters in Kerman. Flights between Kerman and the remotest parts of Iran and the world are handled by Mahan Air.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} MetroKerman's Metro had been approved by the government cabinet and was meant to cover large parts of the metropolitan area in Kerman, but the project's operations were cancelled due to several issues. Later it was heard that a tram project would replace the Metro project, but this project has not been launched yet. Chabahar–Zahedan RailwayIn May 2016, during Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's trip to Iran, agreement was signed to develop two berths at Port of Chabahar and to build new Chabahar–Zahedan railway, as part of North–South Transport Corridor, by Indian Railways' public sector unit Ircon International.[21] The establishment of the port of Chabahar's connection to the country’s railway plan, is under study and consideration. With the completion of the Kerman–Zahedan railway and its connection to the port of Chabahar, this port will connect to the Trans-Iranian Railway. HealthKerman is one of the leading cities in Iran in the field of health and many people from neighboring provinces such as Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan{{clarify|date=February 2015}} visit the city for medical care. The city has several hospitals. The well known ones are: Afzalipour hospital, Doctor Bahonar Hospital, Raziye Firoz Hospital, and Mehregan Hospital. Famous people{{see also|List of people from Riau}}{{see also|List of people from Kerman}}
GallerySurrounding municipalities{{Geographic Location (8-way)|Northwest = Anar |North = Ravar |Northeast = Shahdad |West = Rafsanjan |Center = Kerman |South = Jiroft |Southwest = Sirjan |Southeast = Mahan |East = Bam |}} See also{{Portal|Iran}}
References1. ^[https://kermancity.ir/index.php/fa/2016-01-10-04-55-46] 2. ^https://www.amar.org.ir/english 3. ^ 4. ^{{GEOnet3|-3070237}} 5. ^{{IranCensus2006|08}} 6. ^ Xavier de Planhol and Bernard Hourcade, “KERMAN ii. Historical Geography,” Encyclopædia Iranica, XVI/3, pp. 251-265 7. ^A.H.T. Levi, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&pg=RA1-PA413&dq=kerman Kerman]," in International Dictionary of Historic Places, ed. Trudy Ring, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1995-1996, vol. 4, p. 413. 8. ^{{cite web |work=Columbia Encyclopedia|edition=Sixth |title=Kerman |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Kerman.html |year=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite web |last=Pourshariati |first=Parvaneh |work=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |title=Kerman |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/kerman |publisher=Gale Group}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/cities/kerman/kerman.php |title=Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Cities: Kerman |publisher=Iranchamber.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-10}} 11. ^Hasan Pir Nia, A. Eghbal Ashtiani, History of Persia (Tarikh-i Iran), {{ISBN|964-6895-16-6}}, Tehran, 2003, p.655 12. ^ {{cite web | url = https://www.irangazette.com/en/about-iran/2-uncategorised/398-kerman-climate.html | title = Kerman climate | accessdate = 2018-09-22 | publisher = Iran Gazette | date=}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/05/jan/1067.html |title=Dinosaur Footprints Moulded In Kerman |publisher=Payvand.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-10}} 14. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017004609/http://iran-daily.com/1383/2185/html/art.htm |date=October 17, 2007 }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.caroun.com/Rug/CountriesRug/IranRug/KermanRug/2KermanRug-History.html |title=Kerman Rug (Iran): History |publisher=Caroun.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-10}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mideasttravelling.net/iran/kerman/kerman_history.htm |title=Travel in Kerman - Iran - History - WorldTravelGate.net® |publisher=Mideasttravelling.net |date= |accessdate=2013-12-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322141746/http://www.mideasttravelling.net/iran/kerman/kerman_history.htm |archivedate=2012-03-22 |df= }} 17. ^{{Cite web|title = Handicrafts and Souvenirs in Kerman, [Iran Tourism & Touring Organization]|url = http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=2310|website = www.itto.org|access-date = 2016-01-19}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/2005_world_city_populations/Iran.html |title=Cities in Iran: 2005 Population Estimates |publisher=Mongabay.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-10}} 19. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.kermancity.kr.ir/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=478 |title=Population development |last= |first= |publisher=Kermancity.kr.ir |date= August 16, 2011 |work= |accessdate=2013-12-10 }} 20. ^{{cite web |url= http://mehrnews.com/detail/News/2009226 |title= Kerman Baseball |last= |first= |publisher=Mehrnews.com |date= March 2013 |work= |accessdate=2013-12-10 }} 21. ^India-Iran sign key agreements, Published: 23 May 2016 Bibliography{{See also|Timeline of Kerman#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Kerman}}External links
4 : Kerman|Tourist attractions in Iran|Populated places in Kerman County|Cities in Kerman Province |
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