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词条 Kermanshah
释义

  1. Prehistoric periods

  2. Historic periods

  3. Islamic periods

  4. Recent

  5. Naming dispute

  6. Climate

  7. Sightseeing

     Taghbostan  Behistun  Qajar dynasty monuments 

  8. Bazars

  9. Economy

  10. Higher education

  11. Notable people

  12. Gallery

  13. Footnotes

  14. Twin towns – sister cities

  15. See also

  16. References

  17. Sources

  18. External links

{{other uses}}{{Infobox settlement
|official_name =Kermanshah
|native_name = کرمانشاه
|native_name_lang = fa
|settlement_type = City
|image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a =
| photo2a = Moavenol-molk-2.JPG
| photo3a = Taqwesan Blvd.jpg
| spacing = 2
| size = 266
| foot_montage =
| position = center
| image_seal = Kermanshah government logo.svg
| nickname = The Land of History & Myths; The Land of Eternal Lovers; The Land of Shirin & Farhad
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = Iran
|mapsize = 150px
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}}
|subdivision_type1 = Province
|subdivision_name1 = Kermanshah
|subdivision_type2 = County
|subdivision_name2 = Kermanshah
|subdivision_type3 = Bakhsh
|subdivision_name3 = Central
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Peyman Ghorbani
|established_title = Established date
|established_date = 4th century
|area_total_km2 =
|area_footnotes =
|population_as_of = 2016 Census
|population_urban = 946,651 [1]
|population_metro =
|population_est =
|population_est_as_of =
|population_blank1_title= Demonym
|population_blank1 = Kermanshahi
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = IRST
|utc_offset = +3:30
|timezone_DST = IRDT
|utc_offset_DST = +4:30
|coordinates = {{coord|34|18|51|N|47|03|54|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m = 1,350
|blank_name = Climate
|blank_info = Csa
|website = www.kermanshahcity.ir
|postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = 67146
|area_code = 083
|footnotes =
}}Kermanshah ({{lang-fa|کرمانشاه}}, {{lang-sdh|کرماشان}}, Kirmashan; also known as Bākhtarān or Kermānshāhān),[2] the capital of Kermanshah Province, is located {{convert|525|km|0|abbr=off}} from Tehran in the western part of Iran. According to the 2011 census, its population is 851,405. A majority of the population speaks Southern Kurdish. Kermanshah has a moderate and mountainous climate.[3][4][5][6][7]

Kermanshah is the largest Kurdish-speaking city in Iran.[8][9][10][11] Most of the inhabitants of Kermanshah are Shia Muslims, but there are minorities such as Sunni Muslims, Yarsanism and so on.[12][13]

Prehistoric periods

Because of its antiquity, attractive landscapes, rich culture and Neolithic villages, Kermanshah is considered one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, the Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taqwasan. Neanderthal Man existed in the Kermanshah region during this period. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Qobeh, Malaverd and Do-Ashkaft Cave. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8,000-10,000 years ago.

This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining to Iran were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. In May 2009, based on a research conducted by the University of Hamedan and UCL, the head of Archeology Research Center of Iran's Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization announced that the one of the oldest prehistoric village in the Middle East dating back to 9800 B.P., was discovered in Sahneh, located west of Kermanshah.[14][15]

Remains of later village occupations and early Bronze Age are found in a number of mound sites in the city itself.

Historic periods

In ancient Iranian mythology, construction of the city is attributed to Tahmuras, the third king of Pishdadian dynasty. It is believed that the Sassanids have constructed Kermanshah and Bahram IV (he was called Kermanshah, meaning king of Kerman) gave his name to this city.[16]

It was a glorious city in Sassanid period about the 4th century AD when it became the capital city of Persian Empire and a significant health center serving as the summer resort for Sassanid kings. In AD 226, following a two-year war led by the Persian Emperor, Ardashir I, against "Kurdish" tribes in the region, the empire reinstated a local "Kurdish" prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} At the time, the term "Kurd" was used as a social term, designating Iranian nomads, rather than a concrete ethnic group.[17][18] The word became an ethnic identity in the 12th and 13th century.[19][20] Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent kingdom lasting until AD 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.

Islamic periods

Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in AD 640. Under Seljuk rule in the eleventh century, it became the major cultural and commercial center in western Iran and the southern Kurdish-inhabited areas as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Ottomans during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797–1834). Kermanshah was occupied by Ottomans between 1723–1729 and 1731-1732.

Recent

Occupied by the Imperial Russian army in 1914, followed by the Ottoman army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917 when the British forces arrived there to expel the Ottomans. Kermanshah played an important role in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution during the Qajar dynasty period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi dynasty period. The city was harshly damaged during the Iran–Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not yet fully recovered.

Naming dispute

After the revolution in 1979, the city was named Ghahramanshahr for a short period of time, and later the name of the city as well as the province changed to Bakhtaran, apparently due to the presence of the word "Shah" in the original name. Bakhtaran means western, which refers to the location of the city and the province within Iran. After the Iran–Iraq War, however, the city was renamed Kermanshah, as it resonated more with the desire of its residents, the Persian literature, and the collective memory of the Iranians.

Climate

Kermanshah has a climate which is heavily influenced by the proximity of the Zagros mountains, classified as a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). The city's altitude and exposed location relative to westerly winds makes precipitation a little bit high (more than twice that of Tehran), but at the same time produces huge diurnal temperature swings especially in the virtually rainless summers, which remain extremely hot during the day. Kermanshah experiences rather cold winters and there are usually rainfalls in fall and spring. Snow cover is seen for at least a couple of weeks in winter.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Kermanshah, Iran (1961–1990, extremes 1951–2010)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 20.2
|Feb record high C = 21.8
|Mar record high C = 28.4
|Apr record high C = 33.7
|May record high C = 38.5
|Jun record high C = 43.0
|Jul record high C = 44.1
|Aug record high C = 44.0
|Sep record high C = 40.4
|Oct record high C = 34.4
|Nov record high C = 28.4
|Dec record high C = 25.4
|year record high C = 44.1
|Jan high C = 6.5
|Feb high C = 8.9
|Mar high C = 14.3
|Apr high C = 19.7
|May high C = 25.8
|Jun high C = 33.3
|Jul high C = 37.8
|Aug high C = 37.0
|Sep high C = 32.5
|Oct high C = 25.0
|Nov high C = 16.7
|Dec high C = 9.7
|year high C = 22.3
|Jan mean C = 0.6
|Feb mean C = 2.5
|Mar mean C = 7.7
|Apr mean C = 12.7
|May mean C = 17.6
|Jun mean C = 23.6
|Jul mean C = 28.2
|Aug mean C = 27.2
|Sep mean C = 22.4
|Oct mean C = 16.0
|Nov mean C = 8.9
|Dec mean C = 3.5
|year mean C = 14.2
|Jan low C = -4.3
|Feb low C = -3.0
|Mar low C = 1.2
|Apr low C = 5.1
|May low C = 8.2
|Jun low C = 11.4
|Jul low C = 16.1
|Aug low C = 15.4
|Sep low C = 10.6
|Oct low C = 6.4
|Nov low C = 1.8
|Dec low C = -1.7
|year low C = 5.6
|Jan record low C = −24.0
|Feb record low C = -27.0
|Mar record low C = −11.3
|Apr record low C = -6.1
|May record low C = -1.0
|Jun record low C = 2.0
|Jul record low C = 8.0
|Aug record low C = 8.0
|Sep record low C = 1.2
|Oct record low C = -3.5
|Nov record low C = -17.0
|Dec record low C = −17.0
|year record low C = -27.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 67.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 62.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 88.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 69.9
|May precipitation mm = 33.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 1.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 29.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 54.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 70.3
|year precipitation mm = 478.7
|Jan rain days = 11.4
|Feb rain days = 10.7
|Mar rain days = 12.6
|Apr rain days = 11.0
|May rain days = 7.6
|Jun rain days = 0.5
|Jul rain days = 0.2
|Aug rain days = 0.4
|Sep rain days = 0.5
|Oct rain days = 4.9
|Nov rain days = 7.9
|Dec rain days = 9.6
|year rain days = 77.3
|Jan snow days = 5.9
|Feb snow days = 4.7
|Mar snow days = 1.9
|Apr snow days = 0.2
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.3
|Dec snow days = 3.1
|year snow days = 16.1
|Jan humidity = 75
|Feb humidity = 71
|Mar humidity = 62
|Apr humidity = 57
|May humidity = 49
|Jun humidity = 28
|Jul humidity = 23
|Aug humidity = 23
|Sep humidity = 25
|Oct humidity = 40
|Nov humidity = 59
|Dec humidity = 71
|year humidity = 49
|Jan sun = 134.8
|Feb sun = 150.1
|Mar sun = 180.7
|Apr sun = 204.6
|May sun = 268.0
|Jun sun = 348.3
|Jul sun = 349.1
|Aug sun = 336.7
|Sep sun = 304.6
|Oct sun = 242.8
|Nov sun = 187.6
|Dec sun = 147.9
|year sun = 2855.2
|source 1 = NOAA [21]
|source 2 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records)[22][23]
|date=August 2010
}}

Sightseeing

Kermanshah sights include Kohneh Bridge, Behistun Inscription, Taghbostan, Temple of Anahita, Dinavar, Ganj Dareh, Essaqwand Rock Tombs, Sorkh Deh chamber tomb, Malek Tomb, Hulwan, Median dakhmeh (Darbad, Sahneh), Parav cave, Do-Ashkaft Cave, Tekyeh Moaven al-molk, Dokan Davood Inscription, Sar Pol-e-Zahab, Tagh e gara, Patagh pass, Sarab Niloufar, Ghoori Ghale Cave, Khajeh Barookh's House, Chiyajani Tappe, Statue of Herakles in Behistun complex, Emad al doleh Mosque, Tekyeh Biglarbeigi, Hunters cave, Jamé Mosque of Kermanshah, Godin Tepe, Bas relief of Gotarzes II of Parthia, and Anobanini bas relief.

Taghbostan

{{main|Taq-e_Bostan}}

Taghbostan is a series of large rock reliefs from the era of Sassanid Empire of Persia, the Iranian dynasty which ruled western Asia from 226 to 650 AD. This example of Sassanid art is located {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city center of Kermanshah in western Iran. It is located in the heart of the Zagros mountains, where it has endured almost 1,700 years of wind and rain.

The carvings, some of the finest and best-preserved examples of Persian sculpture under the Sassanids, include representations of the investitures of Ardashir II (379–383) and Shapur III (383–388). Like other Sassanid symbols, Taghbostan and its relief patterns accentuate power, religious tendencies, glory, honor, the vastness of the court, game and fighting spirit, festivity, joy, and rejoicing.

Sassanid kings chose a beautiful setting for their rock reliefs along an historic Silk Road caravan route waypoint and campground. The reliefs are adjacent a sacred spring that empties into a large reflecting pool at the base of a mountain cliff.

Taghbostan and its rock relief are one of the 30 surviving Sassanid relics of the Zagros mountains. According to Arthur Pope, the founder of Iranian art and archeology Institute in the USA, "art was characteristic of the Iranian people and the gift which they endowed the world with."

One of the most impressive reliefs inside the largest grotto or ivan is the gigantic equestrian figure of the Sassanid king Khosrau II (591-628 AD) mounted on his favorite charger, Shabdiz. Both horse and rider are arrayed in full battle armor. The arch rests on two columns that bear delicately carved patterns showing the tree of life or the sacred tree. Above the arch and located on two opposite sides are figures of two winged angels with diadems. Around the outer layer of the arch, a conspicuous margin has been carved, jagged with flower patterns. These patterns are also found in the official costumes of Sassanid kings.

Equestrian relief panel measured on 16.08.07 approx. 7.45 m across by 4.25 m high.

Behistun

{{main|Behistun Inscription}}{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS = Bisotun
| image = Darius I the Great's inscription.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Behistun rock relief and inscription
| location = Mount Behistun, Kermanshah Province, Iran
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii)(iii)}}(ii)(iii)
| ID = 1222
| coordinates = {{coord|34|23|18|N|47|26|12|E|format=dms}}
| year = 2006
| area = {{convert|187|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|361|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
}}

The Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون ; Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun.

The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Persian cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.

The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The Old Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines. The inscription was illustrated by a life-sized bas-relief of Darius, holding a bow as a sign of kingship, with his left foot on the chest of a figure lying on his back before him. The prostrate figure is reputed to be the pretender Gaumata. Darius is attended to the left by two servants, and ten one-metre figures stand to the right, with hands tied and rope around their necks, representing conquered peoples. Faravahar floats above, giving his blessing to the king. One figure appears to have been added after the others were completed, as was (oddly enough) Darius' beard,{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} which is a separate block of stone attached with iron pins and lead.

Qajar dynasty monuments

{{see also|Tekyeh Moaven al-molk|Khajeh Barookh's House}}

During the Qajar dynasty (1794 to 1925), Kermanshah Bazaar, mosques and tekyehs such as Moaven al-molk Mosque, and beautiful houses such as Khajeh Barookh's House were built.

Tekyeh Moaven al-molk is unique because it has many pictures on the walls that relate to shahnameh, despite some of its more religious ones.

Khajeh Barookh's House is located in the old district of Faizabad, a Jewish neighborhood of the city. It was built by a Jewish merchant of the Qajar period, named Barookh/Baruch. The house, an historical depiction of Iranian architecture, was renamed "Randeh-Kesh House", after the last owner, is a "daroongara"(inward oriented) house and is connected through a vestibule to the exterior yard and through a corridor to the interior yard.[24] Surrounding the interior yard are rooms, brick pillars making the iwans(porches) of the house, and step-like column capitals decorated with brick-stalactite work. This house is among the rare Qajar houses with a private bathroom.

Bazars

  • Yahoudi-ha Bazar(Jewish Bazar) or (Islami Bazar) - It is one of the oldest shopping centers in Iran from Qajar period(1785–present) in which you can find traditional clothes, the Kurdish traditional cloth, miscellaneous spice, Giweh, hand made metal knife, hand made leather, and some blacksmith stores, and some stores which sell distilled water from medical plants and flowers.
  • The Kurds Bazar or (Tarikeh Bazar) - In this shopping center all kinds of jewelry and some special cookies like Nan Berenji Kaak and Naan Khormaei which are the famous souvenirs of Kermanshah are sold. This Bazar was called Jewish Bazar but after Islamic revolution government changed its name to Islamic Bazar.

Economy

Kermanshah is one of the western agricultural core of Iran that produces grain, rice, vegetable, fruits, and oilseeds, however Kermanshah is emerging as a fairly important industrial city; there are two industrial centers with more than 256 manufacturing units in the suburb of the city. These industries include petrochemical refinery, textile manufacturing, food processing, carpet making, sugar refining, and the production of electrical equipment and tools.

Kermanshah Oil Refining Company (KORC) established in 1932 by British companies, is one of the major industries in the city.

After recent changes in Iraq, Kermanshah has become one of the main importing and exporting gates of Iran.

Higher education

  • Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah [25]
  • Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
  • Kermanshah University of Technology[26]
  • Payame Noor University
  • Razi University

Notable people

  • Doris Lessing, writer, 2007 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (born in Kermanshah to British parents)
  • Mojtaba Mirzadeh, master of violin and setar
  • Shahram Nazeri, vocalist and musician
  • Kayhan Kalhor, musician
  • Rahim Moeini Kermanshahi, poet, lyricist
  • Shahram Mokri, film director
  • Pouran Derakhshandeh, film director, producer, screenwriter
  • Abdol Ali Badrei, commander of the Imperial Iranian Army and the Imperial Guard
  • Reza Shafiei Jam, actor
  • Marganita Vogt-Khofri, pianist, classical musician and vocalist
  • Karim Sanjabi, Iran's attorney during oil nationalization movement, former foreign minister
  • Massoud Azarnoush, archaeologist
  • Rashid Yasemi, one of the Five-Masters of Persian Literature
  • Ali Mohammad Afghani, novelist
  • Ali Ashraf Darvishian, novelist and writer
  • Seyed Khalil Alinezhad, Tanbour master
  • Mirza Mohammad Reza Kalhor, calligrapher
  • Peter Warr, businessman, racing driver and a manager for several Formula One teams
  • Abolghasem Lahouti, poet
  • Sousan (Golandam Taherkhani), singer
  • Nozar Azadi, actor
  • Reza Fieze Norouzi, actor
  • Alexis Kouros, writer, documentary-maker, director and producer
  • Roknoddin Mokhtari, violin player
  • Bijan Namdar Zangeneh, minister of Petroleum
  • Ebrahim Azizi, member and spokesman of the Guardian Council
  • Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi, writer
  • Al-Dinawari, botanist, historian, geographer, astronomer and mathematician
  • Shahram Amiri, nuclear scientist
  • Mohammad Ranjbar, former Iran national football team player and headcoach
  • Mohammad Hassan Mohebbi, light heavyweight freestyle wrestler & Iran's national team coach
  • Kourosh Bagheri, world weightlifting champion
  • Ali Mazaheri, 2006 Asian Games gold medalist, Asian champion & Olympic boxer
  • Homa Hosseini, rower
  • Ali Akbar Moradi, Musician and Tanbour Player
  • Guity Novin, painter & graphic designer
  • Sohrab Pournazeri, musician
  • Mahshid Amirshahi, writer
  • Kianoush Rostami, world weight lifting champion
  • Neda Shahsavari, table tennis champion
  • AbdolReza Razmjoo, musician
  • Mohammad Salemy, artist, curator, writer
  • Evin Agassi, singer
  • Nicky Nodjoumi, modern painter
  • Makwan Amirkhani, mixed martial artist, UFC champion
  • Mohammad Torkashvand, volleyball champion
  • Hanif Bali, member of Swedish Riksdag
  • Aref Lorestani, actor, comedian
  • Roh Ullah Talim, Doctor, Bahai

Gallery

{{gallery
|lines=1
|File:KermanshahNature1.jpg|
|File:Kermanshah-anahita temple.jpg|
Anahita Temple in Kangavar
|File:Mount Dalekhani1.jpg|
Mount Dalekhani

|File:GhooriGhaleh.jpg|
Ghouri Ghaleh Cave

|File:BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg|
Close-Up of Bisotun Inscription

|File:Harp-Sassanid.png|Taghbostan Carving [27]
||
Mosaddegh Square

}}

Footnotes

1. ^https://www.amar.org.ir/english
2. ^{{GEOnet3|-3070245}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2010/s10020115.htm |title=Arrest of the Assyrian leader of the Kermanshah Church in iran |publisher=Assistnews.net |date= |accessdate=2011-12-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929225150/http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2010/s10020115.htm |archivedate=2011-09-29 |df= }}
4. ^Iran Chamber society: accessed: September 2010.
5. ^روزنامه سلام کرمانشاه Persian (Kurdish)
6. ^آشنایی با فرهنگ و نژاد استان کرمانشاه(Persian)
7. ^سازمان میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری استان کرمانشاه{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} بازدید 2010/03/11
8. ^http://www.shahrekhabar.com/economic/1425128820035607
9. ^http://www.kordha.ir/?p=1423
10. ^http://www.mehrnews.com/news/1563659/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.urmianews.ir/archive/ID/111419 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327203915/http://www.urmianews.ir/archive/ID/111419 |archivedate=2016-03-27 |df= }}
12. ^[https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/11/Kermanshah-Shia%20Kurds.pdf www.justice.gov]
13. ^www.artkermanshah.ir/
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-1344672&Lang=E |title=Most ancient Mid East village discovered in western Iran |year=2009 |accessdate=2009-05-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201033414/http://www.isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-1344672&Lang=E |archivedate=2010-02-01 |df= }}
15. ^{{cite web| url =http://kermanshah.isna.ir/mainnews.php?ID=News-22054 |title =با 11800 سال قدمت، قديمي‌ترين روستاي خاورميانه در كرمانشاه كشف شد | year=2009 | accessdate=2009-05-23 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
16. ^Dehkhoda: Kermanshah {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180623/http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-3dad73773a1c4e78844374111c1a94fb-fa.html |date=2011-05-11 }}.
17. ^J. Limbert. (1968). The Origins and Appearance of the Kurds in Pre-Islamic Iran. Iranian Studies, 1.2: pp. 41-51.
18. ^G. Asatrian. (2009). Prolegemona to the Study of Kurds. Iran and the Caucasus, 13.1: pp. 1-58.
19. ^James, Boris. (2006). Uses and Values of the Term Kurd in Arabic Medieval Literary Sources. Seminar at the American University of Beirut, pp. 6-7.
20. ^Martin van Bruinessen, "The ethnic identity of the Kurds," in: Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey, compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews with Rüdiger Benninghaus [=Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe B, Nr.60]. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwich Reichert, 1989, pp. 613–21. excerpt: "The ethnic label "Kurd" is first encountered in Arabic sources from the first centuries of the Islamic era; it seemed to refer to a specific variety of pastoral nomadism, and possibly to a set of political units, rather than to a linguistic group: once or twice, "Arabic Kurds" are mentioned. By the 10th century, the term appears to denote nomadic and/or transhumant groups speaking an Iranian language and mainly inhabiting the mountainous areas to the South of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, with some offshoots in the Caucasus. ... If there was a Kurdish-speaking subjected peasantry at that time, the term was not yet used to include them."  {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015152331/http://www.let.uu.nl/~Martin.vanBruinessen/personal/publications/Bruinessen_Ethnic_identity_Kurds.pdf |date=2015-10-15 }}
21. ^{{cite web|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IR/40766.TXT|title = Kermanshah Climate Normals 1961-1990|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate = April 8, 2015}}
22. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/7.asp| title = Highest record temperature in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = April 8, 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/6.asp| title = Lowest record temperature in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = April 8, 2015}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kermanshahmiras.ir/fa_site/preview.asp?categoryid=11&code=5451|title=سازمان ميراث فرهنگي، گردشگري و صنايع دستي استان كرمانشاه|publisher=Kermanshahmiras.ir|date=|accessdate=2011-12-02|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223503/http://www.kermanshahmiras.ir/fa_site/Preview.asp?categoryid=11&code=5451|archivedate=2007-09-27|df=}}
25. ^iauksh.ac.ir
26. ^kut.ac.ir
27. ^Women playing harp while the king is standing in a boat holding his bow and arrows, from 6th century Sassanid Iran.

Twin towns – sister cities

  • {{flagicon|USA}} Roseburg, United States of America
  • {{flagicon|ITA}} Sicily, Italy (2010)
  • {{flagicon|TUR}} Gaziantep, Turkey (2010)
  • {{flagicon|CRO}} Split, Croatia (2011)

See also

{{Portal|Iran}}
  • Kalhor
  • Kermanshah Province
  • Kermanshahi
  • Warwasi cave
  • Visual Art High school of Kermanshah
  • Ayatollah Ashrafi Esfahani

References

Sources

  • {{cite encyclopedia | article = KERMANSHAH i. Geography | last = Borijan | first = Habib | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-01-geography | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = 2015 | isbn = |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite encyclopedia | article = KERMANSHAH vii. Languages and Dialects | last = Borijan | first = Habib | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-07-languages | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = 2016 | isbn = |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite encyclopedia | article = KERMANSHAH iv. History from the Arab Conquest to 1953 | last = Calmard | first = Jean | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-04-history-to-1953 | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = 2015 | isbn = |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite encyclopedia | article = KERMANSHAH viii. The Jewish Community | last = Pirnazar | first = Nahid | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-08-jews | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = 2014 | isbn = |ref=harv}}

External links

{{Wikivoyage|Kermanshah}}{{commons category|Kermanshah}}
  •  
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090225185424/http://www.irantooth.com/iranpics/dariush_inscriptions.htm Pictures of Inscription and Bas relief of Darius the Great ] - Free Pictures of IRAN [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217022508/http://www.irantooth.com/ irantooth.com]
  • Photos from Bisotun Complex - From Online Photo Gallery Of Aryo.ir
  • Photos from Taqwasan - From Online Photo Gallery Of Aryo.ir
  • Photos from Moavenol Molk Tekieh - From Online Photo Gallery Of Aryo.ir
{{Kermanshah Province}}{{Kermanshah County}}{{Provincial capitals of Iran}}{{Largest cities of Iran}}{{Authority control}}

4 : Populated places in Kermanshah County|Cities in Kermanshah Province|Iranian provincial capitals|Populated places along the Silk Road
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