| 词条 | Karl Graul |
| 释义 |
| name = Karl Graul | image = Karl Graul (IZ 43-1864 S 424 E G).jpg | caption = Portrait of Karl Graul | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1814|02|6|mf=y}} | birth_place = Wörlitz, Duchy of Anhalt, Germany | death_date = {{Death date|1831|02|16|mf=y}} | death_place = Erlangen | occupation = Leader of Leipzig Lutheran mission and a Tamil scholar }} Karl Graul (6 February 1814, Wörlitz, Duchy of Anhalt – 10 November 1864, Erlangen)[1][1] was a leader of Leipzig Lutheran mission and a Tamil scholar. He was born in a poor weaver family in Germany. He moved to India as the director of the Lutheran Leipzig Mission in 1849 and there he mastered Tamil. Graul was one of the foremost figures in missiology. His approach towards caste system was considered to be too lenient by his critics since he considered that caste system would fade on its own accord and Christian organizations need not interfere with local traditions. He also advocated the supremacy of Lutheranism over other Christian denominations and found it hard to cooperate with Anglicans in India. Early lifeKarl Graul was born in 1814 in a poor weaver family. In spite of his poor background he received good education in classical and modern languages as well as in theology. However, as for as mission and missiology is concerned he was entirely self-taught.[2] Tamil scholarKarl Graul was appointed the director of the Lutheran Leipzig Mission in 1844. The Lutheran mission had succeeded the Danish-Hale mission in South India. During his stay in India, Graul mastered the Tamil language.[2] After returning to Leipzig in 1853 he taught Tamil language and literature at the mission house.[3] Later Graul wrote Bibilotheca Tamulica seu Opera Praecipua Tamuliensium (1854–1865). A work in 4 volumes, it contains in its third and fourth volumes the first complete translation of the Tirukkural in Latin, German,[4] and the standard spoken Tamil with notes and glossaries. It was published by his student Wilhelm Germann the year after Graul's death. Graul also wrote a Tamil Grammar in German (1855).[2] MissiologyGraul being one of the foremost figures in missiology, insisted that other missionaries should go through academic training both in mission as well in theology. He insisted that the knowledge of locals with contextual approach towards indigenous churches.[2] Views on caste systemGraul's views on caste system was considered by his critics as "too lenient".[2] This was in light that Madras Missionary Conference resolved that no one should be admitted to baptism until he had shed off the caste identity and breaks the caste by eating food prepared by a person from the lower caste. According to Stephen Neill all Protestant missionary societies agreed to these terms except for Graul's Leipzig Evangelical Lutheran Mission. This was since Graul believed that caste system can be removed only as a slow process[5][11] and making it mandatory is not needed.[6] It was his view that missionaries should not interfere with indigenous social orders unless they are wholly incompatible with the Gospel.[7] Supremacy of LutheranismGraul believed in supremacy of Lutheranism over other Christian denominations.[2] Thus he found it hard on mutual cooperation with Anglicans in India especially on communion.[8] Death{{lutheranism}}Graul in 1864 qualified himself as a university lecturer in missiology at Erlangen. However, he died the same year even before taking up the position.[2] Works
See also{{Portal|India|Tamil Nadu|Germany|Tamil civilization|Literature|Poetry}}
Notes1. ^[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Graul,_Karl ADB:Graul, Karl] at Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions p. 257 3. ^The Triumph of Confessionalism in Nineteenth-Century German Lutheran Missions p. 80 4. ^{{cite book | last = Sanjeevi | first = N. | author-link = | title = Bibliography on Tirukkural. In First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers | publisher = University of Madras | series = | volume = | edition = | date = 1973 | location = Chennai | pages = 146–147 | language = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }} 5. ^Christianity and African Culture p.24 6. ^1 A History of Christianity in India p. 407 7. ^Christianity and African Culture p.23 8. ^A History of Christianity in India p. 396 References
| last = Anderson | first = Gerald | title = Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | year = 1999 | pages = 257 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC | isbn = 978-0-8028-4680-8}}
| last = Fiedler | first = Klaus | title = Christianity and African Culture | publisher = Brill | year = 1996 | pages = 23–24 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=AX_jXSPc94wC | isbn = 978-90-04-10497-6}}
| last = Neill | first = Stephen | title = A History of Christianity in India | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2002 | pages = 396 and 407 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC | isbn = 978-0-521-89332-9}}
|last=Scherer |first=James. A. |title=The Triumph of Confessionalism in Nineteenth-Century German Lutheran Missions |journal=Missio Apostolica |volume=2 |pages=71–78 |year=1993 |url=http://www.lsfmissiology.org/Essays/SchererTriumphofConfessionalism.pdf |accessdate=2009-01-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112180934/http://www.lsfmissiology.org/Essays/SchererTriumphofConfessionalism.pdf |archivedate=January 12, 2006 }}{{Tirukkural}}{{Tamil language}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Graul, Karl}} 13 : 1814 births|1864 deaths|People from Wörlitz|People from the Duchy of Anhalt|German Lutheran missionaries|Lutheran missionaries in India|German expatriates in India|Tamil–German translators|Tamil–Latin translators|19th-century linguists|Translators of the Tirukkural into German|Translators of the Tirukkural into Latin|19th-century translators |
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