| 词条 | Kartouwe |
| 释义 |
A kartouwe is a siege gun used in European warfare during the 16th and 17th centuries.[1] The name is a corruption of Latin quartana[2] (quarter cannon).[3] Kartouwe is of Dutch origin,[3] in the Holy Roman Empire the gun was called Kartaune in German or cartouwe in contemporary Latin,[4] in the Swedish Empire Kartow,[4] spelling variants include kartouw, kartouve,[5] cartow,[3] cartaun,[3] courtaun[3] and others. CharacteristicsKartouwen were developed from bombards.[1] A kartouwe has a caliber of {{convert|8|in|mm}}, weighs about {{convert|8,000|lb|kg}}, and is designed to fire cannonballs weighing up to {{convert|52|lb|kg}}.[6] As a minimum, twenty horses or oxen were needed to move a kartouwe.[6] In addition to "whole" ("hele") kartouwen, there were also double,[7] half ("halve")[8] and quarter kartouwen.[4] The barrel of a whole kartouwen has a length of 18 to 19 times the caliber, weighs {{convert|300|kg|lb}} to {{convert|350|kg|lb}} and was transported on a special wagon by 20 to 24 horses, another four to eight horses were needed to transport the mount (lafette).[9] The barrel length of a half-kartouwen is 32 to 34 times the caliber, which ranges between {{convert|105|mm|in}} and {{convert|115|mm|in}}.[9] Its barrel weighs {{convert|110|kg|lb}} to {{convert|150|kg|lb}}, the whole gun {{convert|170|kg|lb}} to {{convert|240|kg|lb}}.[9] Half-kartouwen fired cannonballs weighing between {{convert|8|lb|kg}} and {{convert|10|lb|kg}}, and for the transport of its barrel, 10 to 16 horses were needed.[9] Use and perceptionKartouwen were used for example in the Livonian War by the Russian[5] and Swedish forces.[7] During the Battle of Narva (1581), the besieging Swedish forces destroyed the walls of Narva, {{convert|5.5|m|ft}} strong, within two days using twenty-four double and half-kartouwen.[7] Kartouwen were also the characteristic of the Thirty Years' War.[10] As such, they were featured in contemporary poems,[10] e.g. in Am liebsten bey der Liebsten by Sibylla Schwarz ("grausame Kartaune", "gruesome kartouwe").[11] In his 1844 poem Die Tendenz, Heinrich Heine used kartouwen to symbolize loudness.[12] SourcesReferences1. ^1 Meyers (1907), p. 682; Brockhaus (1911), p. 943 2. ^Meyers (1907), p. 682; Brockhaus (1911), p. 943; Adelung (1796), p. 1506 3. ^1 2 3 4 Llewellyn (1936), p. 24 4. ^1 2 Adelung (1796), p. 1506 5. ^1 Peterson (2007), p.95 6. ^1 Kasekamp (1990); Peterson (2007), p. 95 7. ^1 2 Kasekamp (1990) 8. ^Kasekamp (1990); Adelung (1796), p. 1506 9. ^1 2 3 Medick & Winnige, entry "Stück" 10. ^1 Hartung (1995), p. 329 11. ^Sibylla Schwarz, Am liebsten bey der Liebsten: "So schreckt mich die Posaune / das Spiel der Schwerdter nicht / die grausame Kartaune / kompt nie mir ins Gesicht." 12. ^Sørensen & Arndal (2002), p. 23 Bibliography{{refbegin}}
1 : Siege artillery |
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