| 词条 | Katana | ||||
| 释义 |
|name= {{Nihongo|Katana|刀}} | image= Katana Masamune.jpg |caption= Katana signed by Masamune with an inscription (城和泉守所持) in gold inlay, Kamakura period, 14th century, blade length: 70.6 cm[1] |type= Sword |length= |sheath_type=Lacquered wood |head_type= |haft_type= | image_size = 350 |origin= Japan |is_bladed= yes |production_date= Muromachi period (1392–1573) to present |weight= 1.1–1.3 kg |part_length= approx. 60–73 cm ({{frac|23|5|8}}–{{frac|28|3|4}} in) |blade_type= Curved, single-edged |hilt_type= Two-handed swept, with circular or squared guard }} Historically, {{Nihongo|katana|刀 or かたな}} were one of the traditionally made {{Nihongo|Japanese swords|日本刀|nihontō|nihon=Japan tō=sword}}[2][3] that were used by the samurai of ancient and feudal Japan.[4] The katana is characterized by its distinctive appearance: a curved, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard and long grip to accommodate two hands. Etymology and loanwords"Katana" is the term now used to describe the family of swords known as nihontō that are 2 shaku, approximately {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, or longer. Katana can also be known as dai or daitō among Western sword enthusiasts although daitō is a generic name for any Japanese long sword, literally meaning "big sword".[5]As Japanese does not have separate plural and singular forms, both katanas and katana are considered acceptable forms in English.[6] Pronounced {{IPA-ja|katana|}}, the kun'yomi (Japanese reading) of the kanji 刀, originally meaning dao or knife/saber in Chinese, the word has been adopted as a loanword by the Portuguese language.[7] In Portuguese the designation (spelled catana) means "large knife" or machete.[7] DescriptionThe katana is generally defined as the standard sized, moderately curved (as opposed to the older tachi featuring more curvature) Japanese sword with a blade length greater than 60 cm ({{frac|23|1|2}} inches).[8] It is characterized by its distinctive appearance: a curved, slender, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard (tsuba) and long grip to accommodate two hands.[8] With a few exceptions, katana and tachi can be distinguished from each other, if signed, by the location of the signature (mei) on the tang (nakago). In general, the mei should be carved into the side of the nakago which would face outward when the sword was worn. Since a tachi was worn with the cutting edge down, and the katana was worn with the cutting edge up, the mei would be in opposite locations on the tang.[9] Western historians have said that katana were among the finest cutting weapons in world military history.[10][11][12] HistoryThe production of swords in Japan is divided into specific time periods:{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
The first use of katana as a word to describe a long sword that was different from a tachi occurs as early as the Kamakura Period (1185–1333).[8] These references to "uchigatana" and "tsubagatana" seem to indicate a different style of sword, possibly a less costly sword for lower-ranking warriors. The Mongol invasions of Japan facilitated a change in the designs of Japanese swords. Thin tachi and chokutō-style blades were often unable to cut through the boiled leather armour of the Mongols, with the blades often chipping or breaking off.[15] The evolution of the tachi into what would become the katana seems to have continued during the early Muromachi period (1337 to 1573). Starting around the year 1400, long swords signed with the katana-style mei were made. This was in response to samurai wearing their tachi in what is now called "katana style" (cutting edge up). Japanese swords are traditionally worn with the mei facing away from the wearer. When a tachi was worn in the style of a katana, with the cutting edge up, the tachi The rise in popularity of katana amongst samurai came about due to the changing nature of close-combat warfare. The quicker draw of the sword was well suited to combat where victory depended heavily on short response times. The katana further facilitated this by being worn thrust through a belt-like sash (obi) with the sharpened edge facing up. Ideally, samurai could draw the sword and strike the enemy in a single motion. Previously, the curved tachi had been worn with the edge of the blade facing down and suspended from a belt.[8][18] The length of the katana blade varied considerably during the course of its history. In the late 14th and early 15th centuries, katana blades tended to have lengths between {{convert|70|and|73|cm|frac=4}}. During the early 16th century, the average length dropped about {{convert|10|cm|frac=4}}, approaching closer to {{convert|60|cm|frac=4}}. By the late 16th century, the average length had increased again by about {{convert|13|cm|frac=4}}, returning to approximately {{convert|73|cm|frac=4}}.[18] The katana was often paired with a smaller companion sword, such as a wakizashi, or it could also be worn with a tantō, a smaller, similarly shaped dagger. The pairing of a katana with a smaller sword is called the daishō. Only samurai could wear the daishō: it represented their social power and personal honour.[8][18][19] Modern katana (gendaitō)During the Meiji period, the samurai class was gradually disbanded, and the special privileges granted to them were taken away, including the right to carry swords in public. The Haitōrei Edict in 1876 forbade the carrying of swords in public except for certain individuals, such as former samurai lords (daimyō), the military, and the police.[20] Skilled swordsmiths had trouble making a living during this period as Japan modernized its military, and many swordsmiths started making other items, such as farm equipment, tools, and cutlery. Military action by Japan in China and Russia during the Meiji period helped revive interest in swords, but it was not until the Shōwa period that swords were produced on a large scale again.[21] Japanese military swords produced between 1875 and 1945 are referred to as guntō (military swords).[22] During the pre-World War II military buildup, and throughout the war, all Japanese officers were required to wear a sword. Traditionally made swords were produced during this period, but in order to supply such large numbers of swords, blacksmiths with little or no knowledge of traditional Japanese sword manufacture were recruited. In addition, supplies of the Japanese steel (tamahagane) used for swordmaking were limited, so several other types of steel were also used. Quicker methods of forging were also used, such as the use of power hammers, and quenching the blade in oil, rather than hand forging and water. The non-traditionally made swords from this period are called shōwatō, after the regnal name of the Emperor Hirohito, and in 1937, the Japanese government started requiring the use of special stamps on the tang (nakago) to distinguish these swords from traditionally made swords. During this period of war, older antique swords were remounted for use in military mounts. Presently, in Japan, shōwatō are not considered to be "true" Japanese swords, and they can be confiscated. Outside Japan, however, they are collected as historical artifacts.[20][21][23] Post-World War IIIn Japan, from 1945 to 1953, sword manufacture and sword-related martial arts were banned. Many swords were confiscated and destroyed, and swordsmiths were not able to make a living. Since 1953, Japanese swordsmiths have been allowed to work, but with severe restrictions: swordsmiths must be licensed and serve a five-year apprenticeship, and only licensed swordsmiths are allowed to produce Japanese swords (nihonto), only two longswords per month are allowed to be produced by each swordsmith, and all swords must be registered with the Japanese Government.[24] Outside Japan, some of the modern katanas being produced by western swordsmiths use modern steel alloys, such as L6 and A2. These modern swords replicate the size and shape of the Japanese katana, and are used by martial artists for iaidō and even for cutting practice (tameshigiri). The use of modern steel and technology can create strong blades without the risk of damaging or destroying the artisan's hard work.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Mass-produced swords including iaitō and shinken in the shape of katana are available from many countries, though China dominates the market.[25] These types of swords are typically mass-produced and made with a wide variety of steels and methods. Forging and construction{{Main|Japanese swordsmithing}}Katana are traditionally made from a specialized Japanese steel called tamahagane,[26] which is created from a traditional smelting process that results in several, layered steels with different carbon concentrations.[27] This process helps remove impurities and even out the carbon content of the steel. The age of the steel plays a role in the ability to remove impurities, with older steel having a higher oxygen concentration, being more easily stretched and rid of impurities during hammering, resulting in a stronger blade.[28] The smith begins by folding and welding pieces of the steel several times to work out most of the differences in the steel. The resulting block of steel is then drawn out to form a billet. At this stage, it is only slightly curved or may have no curve at all. The katana After the blade is forged, it is then sent to be polished. The polishing takes between one and three weeks. The polisher uses a series of successively finer grains of polishing stones in a process called glazing, until the blade has a mirror finish. However, the blunt edge of the katana is often given a matte finish to emphasize the hamon.[18] Usage in martial artsKatana were used by samurai both in the battlefield and for practicing several martial arts, and modern martial artists still use a variety of katana. Martial arts in which training with katana is used include iaijutsu, battōjutsu, iaidō, kenjutsu, kendō, ninjutsu and Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū.[31][32][33]Storage and maintenanceIf mishandled in its storage or maintenance, the katana may become irreparably damaged. The blade should be stored horizontally in its sheath, curve down and edge facing upward to maintain the edge. It is extremely important that the blade remain well-oiled, powdered and polished, as the natural moisture residue from the hands of the user will rapidly cause the blade to rust if not cleaned off. The traditional oil used is chōji oil (99% mineral oil and 1% clove oil for fragrance). Similarly, when stored for longer periods, it is important that the katana be inspected frequently and aired out if necessary in order to prevent rust or mold from forming (mold may feed off the salts in the oil used to polish the blade).[34] Ownership and trade restrictionsRepublic of IrelandUnder the Firearms and Offensive Weapons Act 1990 (Offensive Weapons) (Amendment) Order 2009, katanas made post-1953 are illegal unless made by hand according to traditional methods.[35] United KingdomAs of April 2008, the British government added swords with a curved blade of 50 cm (20 in) or over in length ("the length of the blade shall be the straight line distance from the top of the handle to the tip of the blade") to the Offensive Weapons Order.[36] This ban was a response to reports that samurai swords were used in more than 80 attacks and four killings over the preceding four years.[37] Those who violate the ban would be jailed up to six months and charged a fine of £5,000. Martial arts practitioners, historical re-enactors and others may still own such swords. The sword can also be legal provided it was made in Japan before 1954, or was made using traditional sword making methods. It is also legal to buy if it can be classed as a "martial artist's weapon". This ban applies to England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. This ban was amended in August 2008 to allow sale and ownership without licence of "traditional" hand-forged katana.[38] GallerySee also{{div col}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100189/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=ja&s_lang=ja&class=&title=&c_e=®ion=&era=¢ury=&cptype=&owner=&pos=97&num=8|script-title=ja:刀 金象嵌銘城和泉守所持 正宗磨上本阿|publisher=National Institutes for Cultural Heritage|language=Japanese}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani |title=The Development of Controversies: From the Early Modern Period to Online Discussion Forums |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PtBci2GslUkC&pg=PA150|year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-03911-711-6 |page=150}} 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Evans Lansing Smith |author2=Nathan Robert Brown |title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Mythology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-RsCs5dJRwC&pg=PA144|year=2008 |publisher=Alpha Books |isbn=978-1-59257-764-4 |page=144}} 4. ^{{Anchor|Nagayama}}{{cite book|author1=Kokan Nagayama |author2=trans. Kenji Mishina | title = The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords| publisher = Kodansha International Ltd.| year = 1997| location = Tokyo, Japan| isbn = 4-7700-2071-6}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Sun-Jin Kim |title=Tuttle Dictionary Martial Arts Korea, China & Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpPrkaGF-9sC&pg=PA61|year=1996 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-0-8048-2016-5 |page=61}} 6. ^{{cite book |author1=Adrian Akmajian |author2=Richard A. Demers |author3=Ann K. Farmer |author4=Robert M. Harnish | title = Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication| publisher = The MIT Press| year = 2001| place = Massachusetts | page = 624| isbn = 9780262511230}} 7. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado |author2=Anthony X. Soares | title = Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages: From the Portuguese Original of Monsignor Sebastiao Rodolfo Dalgado| publisher = South Asia Books| year = 1988| page = 520| isbn =978-81-206-0413-1 }} 8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book | author = Kanzan Sato| title = The Japanese Sword: A Comprehensive Guide (Japanese arts Library)| publisher = Kodansha International| year = 1983| location = Japan| page = 220| isbn =978-0-87011-562-2 }} 9. ^{{cite book|author=土子民夫 |title=日本刀21世紀への挑戦 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWy3gx-0PR8C&pg=PA30|date=May 2002 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2854-9 |page=30}} 10. ^{{cite book |author=Stephen Turnbull |title=Katana: The Samurai Sword |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAFTe6JUEkQC&pg=PA4 |page=4 |year=2012 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=9781849086585 }} 11. ^{{cite book |author=Roger Ford |title=Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WdYAAAAYAAJ |pages=66, 120 |year=2006 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn= 9780756622107 }} 12. ^Anthony J. Bryant and Angus McBride (1994) Samurai 1550–1600. Osprey Publishing. p. 49. {{ISBN|1855323451}} 13. ^{{cite book|author=Clive Sinclaire |title=Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3FAZG94ZsC&pg=PA40|date=1 November 2004 |publisher=Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-59228-720-8 |pages=40–58}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=トム岸田 |title=靖国刀 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6oB6eFRjZkC&pg=PA42|date=24 September 2004 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2754-2 |page=42}} 15. ^Satō, Kanzan. Kodansha International. 1983. Page 104 16. ^{{cite book|author=Stephen Turnbull |title=Katana: The Samurai Sword |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAFTe6JUEkQC&pg=PA22|date=8 February 2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84908-658-5 |pages=22–}} 17. ^{{cite book|author=Kōkan Nagayama |title=The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&pg=PA28|year=1997 |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2071-0 |page=28}} 18. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |author1=Leon Kapp |author2=Hiroko Kapp |author3=Yoshindo Yoshihara | title = The Craft of the Japanese Sword| publisher = Kodansha International| year = 1987| location = Japan| page = 167| isbn = 978-0-87011-798-5 }} 19. ^{{cite book |author1=Oscar Ratti |author2=Adele Westbrook | title = Secrets of the Samurai: The Martial Arts of Feudal Japan| publisher = Tuttle Publishing| year = 1991| page = 484| isbn = 978-0-8048-1684-7}} 20. ^1 {{cite book|author=Kōkan Nagayama|title=The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&pg=PA43|year=1997|publisher=Kodansha International|isbn=978-4-7700-2071-0 |page=43}} 21. ^1 {{cite book|author=Clive Sinclaire|title=Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3FAZG94ZsC&pg=PA58|date=1 November 2004|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59228-720-8|pages=58–59}} 22. ^{{cite book|author=John Yumoto|title=The Samurai Sword: A Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTvRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|date=13 December 2013|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0706-9|pages=6, 70}} 23. ^{{cite book|author1=Leon Kapp|author2=Hiroko Kapp |author3=Yoshindo Yoshihara|title=Modern Japanese Swords and Swordsmiths: From 1868 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7YeN0F5tn4C|date=January 2002|publisher=Kodansha International|isbn=978-4-7700-1962-2|pages=58–70}} 24. ^{{cite book|author=Clive Sinclaire|title=Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ3FAZG94ZsC&pg=PA60|date=1 November 2004|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59228-720-8|page=60}} 25. ^{{cite book|author=Steve Shackleford|title=Spirit Of The Sword: A Celebration of Artistry and Craftsmanship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pkLaMKl09L8C&pg=PT423|date=7 September 2010|publisher=Adams Media|location=Iola, Wisconsin|isbn=1-4402-1638-X|page=23|chapter=Sword Capitol of the World}} 26. ^{{cite book|author=鉄と生活研究会|title=トコトンやさしい鉄の本|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykkROwAACAAJ|year= 2008|publisher=日刊工業新聞社|isbn=978-4-526-06012-0}} 27. ^[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/samurai/swor-nf.html Secrets of the Samurai Sword]. Pbs.org. Retrieved 2013-08-08. 28. ^{{cite web |title=Step 1: Types of Katana Swords |url=http://katanaswordreviews.com/types-of-katana-swords/ |website=Katana Sword Reviews |access-date=25 April 2016}} 29. ^{{cite book|author=Richard Cohen |title=By the Sword: A History of Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai, Swashbucklers, and Olympic Champions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inND87EFFF4C&pg=PA124|date=18 December 2007 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-43074-8 |page=124}} 30. ^{{cite book|author=James Drewe |title=Tàijí Jiàn 32-Posture Sword Form |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6UdWcIx95YC&pg=PT10|date=15 February 2009 |publisher=Singing Dragon |isbn=978-1-84642-869-2 |page=10}} 31. ^{{cite journal|author=Mason Smith|title=Stand and Deliver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA66|date=December 1997|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|journal=Black Belt|volume=35|issue=12|page=66|issn=0277-3066}} 32. ^{{cite book|author=Graham Priest|author2=Damon Young|title=Martial Arts and Philosophy: Beating and Nothingness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_LZby0xOhQC&pg=PT209|date=21 August 2013|publisher=Open Court|isbn=978-0-8126-9723-0|page=209}} 33. ^{{cite book|author=Thomas A. Green|author2=Joseph R. Svinth|title=Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaTfuuIlmqcC&pg=PA120|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-243-2|pages=120–121}} 34. ^{{cite book |author1=Gordon Warner |author2=Donn F. Draeger |title = Japanese Swordsmanship: Technique and Practice |publisher = Weatherhill |year = 2005 |location = Boston, Massachusetts |pages = 110–131 |isbn = 978-0834802360 }} 35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2009/en/si/0338.html |title=S.I. No. 338/2009 — Firearms and offensive Weapons Act 1990 (offensive Weapons) (Amendment) Order 2009|date=2009-08-28|publisher=Irish Statute Book, Government of Ireland}} 36. ^The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons)(Amendment) Order 2008. Opsi.gov.uk (2010-11-19). Retrieved 2013-08-08. 37. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7139724.stm |title=Ban on imitation Samurai swords |date=2007-12-12 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2011-12-29 |quote=Calls for a ban came after a number of high-profile incidents in which cheap Samurai-style swords had been used as a weapon. The Home Office estimates there have been some 80 attacks in recent years involving Samurai-style blades, leading to at least five deaths.}} 38. ^EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT 1988 (OFFENSIVE WEAPONS) (AMENDMENT No. 2): ORDER 2008. opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-08. Further reading
External links
3 : Japanese inventions|Japanese sword types|Samurai weapons and equipment |
||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。