| 词条 | Katherine Mayo |
| 释义 |
| name = Katherine Mayo | image =Katherine Mayo 1928.jpg | image_size = 240px | alt = | caption = Mayo in 1928 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1867|01|27}} | birth_place = Ridgway, Pennsylvania | death_date = {{Death date and age|1940|10|09|1867|01|27}} | death_place = Bedford Hills, New York | citizenship = American | other_names = | known_for = Mother India (1927) | occupation = Historian | years_active = 1892–1940 | home_town = }} Katherine Mayo (January 27, 1867 – October 9, 1940) was an American researcher and historian. Mayo entered public life as a political writer advocating White Anglo-Saxon Protestant Nativism, opposition to non-white and Catholic immigration to the United States, and opposition to recently emancipated African slave laborers. She became known for denouncing the Philippine Declaration of Independence on racialist and religious grounds, then went on to publish and promote her best-known work, Mother India (1927), wherein she opposed Indian Independence from British rule. Her work was well received in British government circles and among American Anglophile racialists, but was criticized by others for notorious racism and Indophobia. BiographyMayo was born in Ridgway, Pennsylvania, to James Henry and Harriet Elizabeth (Ingraham) Mayo, and was educated privately. Shortly after graduation, she started work as a researcher and historian by helping Oswald Garrison Villard of the New York Evening Post (whose father owned the newspaper) prepare his book John Brown 1800–1859: A Biography Fifty Years After, a biography of John Brown, which was published in 1910. Villard was a founder of the American Anti-Imperialist League and an officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He influenced Mayo to become a social reformer.[1] Mayo also became a member of the Mayflower Society and had cordial links with the Daughters of the American Revolution. The latter were hostile to non-white immigration to the United States at the time, believing the country to rightfully belong to white Anglo Saxons of British descent and Protestant faith.[2] Several of Mayo's early writings promoted anti-Catholicism and hostility to non-white independence movements against European colonial rule. Mayo combined anti-Catholicism and Anti-Filipino sentiment in her writings that opposed the independence of the Philippines from American rule.[3] Mayo's early journalistic works celebrated the Anglo-Saxon "racial character" of American nationalism and promoted xenophobia against Irish Catholic immigrants, as well as increasingly prominent African American laborers.[2][3] Mayo claimed that "negroes" were sexually aggressive and lacked self-control, thus rendering them a threat to "innocent white Anglo-Saxon women".[2] Mayo put her highly effective writing skills behind the effort to establish the New York State Police and supported their ability to control immigrants and blacks whose involvement in labor rights agitations were viewed by Mayo as a threat to white supremacy.[3] Mayo became notorious for her polemical book Mother India (1927), in which she attacked Hindu society and religion, and the culture of India. Critics of Mayo accuse her works of being racist, pro-imperialist[2] and Indophobic tracts that "expressed all the dominant prejudices of colonial society.Conversely , supporters cited the truth of her first-hand observations[3] The book created a sensation on three continents.[4] Written against the demands for self-rule and Indian independence from the British Raj, Mayo alluded to the treatment of India's women, the Dalits, the animals, the dirt and the character of its nationalistic politicians. Mayo singled out the "rampant" and fatally weakening sexuality of its males to be at the core of all problems, leading to masturbation, rape, homosexuality, prostitution and venereal diseases and, most importantly, to too early sexual intercourse and premature maternity. Mayo's claims were supported by British Indian authorities as a countermeasure to growing sympathies for the Indian Independence Movement against British rule in the region. The book was thus received enthusiastically by British authorities and propagated among Americans who related the movement for Indian independence with the American Revolution.[2] Mayo's claims and perceptions of Indian society became one of the most negative influences on the American people's view of India in history.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} The book prompted the publication of over fifty critical books and pamphlets[5] and an eponymous film.[3] It was burned in India and New York, along with an effigy of its author.[6] It was criticized by Mahatma Gandhi, who wrote in response: {{quote|This book is cleverly and powerfully written. The carefully chosen quotations give it the false appearance of a truthful book. But the impression it leaves on my mind is that it is the report of a drain inspector sent out with the one purpose of opening and examining the drains of the country to be reported upon, or to give a graphic description of the stench exuded by the opened drains. If Miss Mayo had confessed that she had come to India merely to open out and examine the drains of India, there would perhaps be little to complain about her compilation. But she declared her abominable and patently wrong conclusion with a certain amount of triumph: 'the drains are India'.[7]}}After its publication Dalip Singh Saund (later a congressman) wrote My Mother India to counter Mayo's assertions.[8][9] Another response to Mayo's book was Dhan Gopal Mukerji's A Son of Mother India Answers.[10] The title of the 1957 Hindi epic film Mother India was a deliberate rebuke to Mayo's book.[3] Works
References1. ^{{cite journal|author=Chatfield, Charles |title=World War I and the Liberal Pacifist in the United States|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=75|issue=7|year=1970|pages=1920–1937|jstor=1848023|doi=10.2307/1848023}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |author= Teed, Paul |year=2003 |title= Race Against Memory: Katherine Mayo, Jabez Sunderland, and Indian Independence|journal= American Studies|volume= 44|issue= 1–2|pages= 35–57|jstor=40643432}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |title= Specters of Mother India: The Global Restructuring of an Empire|last= Sinha|first= Mrinalini|authorlink= |year= 2006|publisher= Duke University Press Books |isbn= 978-0-8223-3795-9|page= 68|accessdate= |url=}} 4. ^Mrinalini Sinha: "Introduction". In: Sinha (ed.): Selections from Mother India. Women's Press, New Delhi 1998. 5. ^{{cite book|last=Jayawardena |first=Kumari |title=The white woman's other burden: Western women and South Asia during British colonial rule |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ9MCPdcGrsC&pg=PA99 |accessdate=February 23, 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-91104-7 |page=99}} 6. ^Frick, Katherine (Spring 2006) Mayo, Katherine (Prence, Katherine). libraries.psu.edu 7. ^Teaching Journal: Katherine Mayo's Mother India (1927). Lehigh.edu (February 7, 2006) 8. ^{{cite book|last=Saund|first=Dalip Singh|authorlink=Dalip Singh Saund|title=My Mother India|year=c. 1930|publisher=Pacific coast Khalsa Diwan society (Sikh temple)|location=Stockton, California|pages=218|oclc=3401226|lccn=30013748}} {{LCC|DS421 .S25}} {{OCLC|253315388}} 9. ^{{cite web|last=Tisdale|first=Sara|title=Breaking Barriers: Congressman Dalip Singh Saund|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Breaking-Barriers-Congressman-Dalip-Singh-Saund.aspx|work=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life|publisher=Pew Research Center|accessdate=March 10, 2012|date=December 19, 2008}} 10. ^{{cite book| author=Mukerji, Dhan Gopal |year=1928 |title=A Son of Mother India Answers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=al3rIwAACAAJ&dq=editions:j0Q-czVT0s4C&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jH24VO_SOoOY8QW0jYHwCw&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA |publisher=E. P. Dutton & company, 1928 |accessdate=January 16, 2014}} Reprint 1928 by Rupa & Company, {{ISBN|978-81-7167-650-7}} External links{{wikisource|author:Katherine Mayo|Katherine Mayo}}
9 : Historians from Pennsylvania|1868 births|1940 deaths|Anti-Indian sentiment in the United States|American women historians|Racism in the United States|Anti-Catholicism in the United States|People from Ridgway, Pennsylvania|Anti-black racism in the United States |
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