|speakers=5
|date=2005
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Uto-Aztecan
|fam1=Uto-Aztecan
|fam2=Numic
|fam3=Southern Numic
|iso3=xaw
|glotto=kawa1283
|glottorefname=Kawaiisu
|notice=IPA
}}The Kawaiisu language[1] is an Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Kawaiisu people of California.
Classification
Kawaiisu is a member of the Southern Numic division of the Uto-Aztecan language family.
Linguistic environment
The Kawaiisu homeland was bordered by speakers of non-Numic Uto-Aztecan languages: the Kitanemuk to the south spoke Takic, the Tubatulabal to the north spoke Tubatulabal, the Yokuts to the west were non-Uto-Aztecan. Because they shared the Southern Numic language, the Chemehuevi to the east are considered the closest relatives to Kawaiisu.
Geographic distribution
The remaining Kawaiisu speakers live in the Tehachapi area of California.
Revitalization
In 1994, the language was severely endangered, with perhaps fewer than 20 remaining speakers.[2]
In 2011, The Kawaiisu Project received the Governor’s Historic Preservation Award for its efforts to document the Kaiwaiisu language and culture, including "the Handbook of the Kawaiisu, language teaching and the Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center [and] the Kawaiisu exhibit at the Tehachapi Museum."[3] [4] As of 2012, the Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center offers language classes and DVDs for home learning, as well as training for other groups seeking to create language learning programs and materials.[5]
Morphology
Kawaiisu is an agglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
Sounds
Vowels
Kawaiisu has a typical Numic vowel inventory of six vowels.
| front | back
unrounded | back
rounded | | High | i}} | ɨ}} | u}} |
|---|
| Non-High | e}} | a}} | o}} |
|---|
Consonants
Kawaiisu has an atypical Numic consonant inventory in that many of the predictable consonant alternations in other Numic languages are no longer predictable in Kawaiisu. The Kawaiisu consonant inventory, therefore is much larger than the typical Numic language.
| Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | | plain | lab. |
|---|
| Nasal | m}} | n}} | (ŋ)}}* |
|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p}} | t}} | k}} | kʷ}} | ʔ}} |
|---|
| voiced | b}} | d}} |
|---|
| Affricate | ts}} | tʃ}} |
|---|
| Fricative | voiceless | s}} | ʃ}} | h}} / {{IPA|hʷ}} |
|---|
| voiced | β}} | z}} | ʒ}} | ɣ}} | ɣʷ}} |
|---|
| Approximant | (l)}}* | j}} | w}} |
|---|
| Flap | ɾ}} |
|---|
- {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}} are only found in loanwords.
References
1. ^Maurice L. Zigmond, Curtis G. Booth, & Pamela Munro. 1991. Kawaiisu, A Grammar and Dictionary with Texts. Ed. Pamela Munro. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 119. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
2. ^Leanne Hinton. 1994. Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages. Heyday Books.
3. ^{{Cite news| last = Jon Hammond| title = Kawaiisu Project receives Governor’s Historic Preservation Award| work = TehachapiNews.com| accessdate = 2012-08-26| date = 2011-11-29| url = http://www.tehachapinews.com/lifestyle/x471834910/Kawaiisu-Project-receives-Governor-s-Historic-Preservation-Award}}
4. ^{{Cite news| last = Jon Hammond| title = The original Tehachapi language: new grant funds new grant funds two-year Nüwa (Kawaiisu) project| work = TehachapiNews.com| accessdate = 2012-08-26| date = 2010-04-06| url = http://www.tehachapinews.com/lifestyle/x265961439/Jon-Hammond-The-original-Tehachapi-language-new-grant-funds-two-year-N-wa-Kawaiisu-project}}
5. ^Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center
| publisher = University of California Press
| last = Gifford, Edward Winslow
| title = Tübatulabal and Kawaiisu kinship terms
| location = Berkeley, CA
| accessdate = 2012-08-26
| date = 1917
| url = https://archive.org/details/tbatulabalkawa00giffrich
}}External links
{{Portal|Indigenous peoples of North America}}- Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center
- Kawaiisu lexicon
- Kawaiisu language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- OLAC resources in and about the Kawaiisu language
{{Uto-Aztecan languages}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kawaiisu Language}}{{Languages of California}} 7 : Agglutinative languages|Numic languages|Languages of the United States|Indigenous languages of California|Indigenous languages of the North American Great Basin|Endangered Uto-Aztecan languages|Native American language revitalization