“Khambhat”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Khambhat ({{IPAc-en|k|ɑː|m|ˈ|b|ɑː|t}}; {{audio|Khambat.ogg|local pronunciation}}) (Hindi: खंभात, Gujarati: ખંભાત), also known as Cambay, is a town and the surrounding urban agglomeration in Khambhat Taluka, Anand district in the Indian state of Gujarat.^[1] It was once an important trading center, but its harbour gradually silted up, and the maritime trade moved elsewhere. Khambhat lies on an alluvial plain at the north end of the Gulf of Khambhat, noted for the extreme rise and fall of its tides, which can vary as much as thirty feet in the vicinity of Khambhat. Khambhat is known for its halvasan, sutarfeni and kites (patang), and for sources of oil and gas.

Khambat is perhaps the only place in India where the Harappan craft -agate bead making- is found in the living tradition. Surprisingly Khambat has no stone deposits; the craft has survived mainly through acquiring stones from the Rajpipla hills, about 200 km away from the town. In the folklore of Khambat, the beginning of the craft is attributed to Baba Ghor, a 1500 AD saint from Ethiopia who had led a large contingent of Muslims to settle in the town. However, in the archaeological record the origin of the craft can be traced to nearby Lothal, a Harappan outpost that flourished about 4000 years ago.

Variants of name

Historical

Origin of name^[2]

Some people believe that the town of Khambhat may be the Camanes of Ptolemy. James Tod believed that the name comes from the Sanskrit Khambavati or 'City of the Pillar'.

History

Cambay was formerly a flourishing city, the seat of an extensive trade, and celebrated for its manufactures of silk, chintz and gold stuffs.^[7] The Arab traveler al-Mas'udi visited the city in 915 AD, describing it as a very successful port; it was mentioned in 1293 by Marco Polo, who, calling it Cambaet, noted it as a busy port. He mentions that the city had its own king. Indigo and fine buckram were particular products of the region, but much cotton and leather was exported through Cambay. In the early 1340s, the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta remarked on its impressive architecture and cosmopolitan population.^[8]

The Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa visited the city, which he calls Cambaia, in the early sixteenth century.^[10]

He describes the city as very busy and affluent, with merchants coming frequently by sea from the world around.

Owing principally to the gradually increasing difficulty of access by water by the silting up of the gulf, its commerce has long since fallen away, and the town became poor and dilapidated. The spring tides rise upwards of 30 ft (10 m) and in a channel usually so shallow that it is a serious danger to shipping. By 1900, the trade was chiefly confined to the export of cotton. The town was celebrated for its manufacture of agate and carnelian ornaments, of reputation, principally in China.^[7]

The houses in many instances are built of stone (a circumstance which indicates the former wealth of the city, as the material had to be brought from a very considerable distance); and remains of a brick wall, three miles (five km) in circumference, which formerly surrounded the town, enclose four large reservoirs of good water and three bazaars. To the southeast there are very extensive ruins of subterranean temples and other buildings half-buried in the sand by which the ancient town was overwhelmed. These temples belong to the Jains and contain two massive statues of their deities: one black, the other white. The principal one, as the inscription intimates, is Pariswanath or Parswanath, carved in the reign of the emperor Akbar; the black one has the date of 1651 inscribed.^[7]

Princely State of Cambay

Khambhat was the capital of Cambay State, a princely state of British India. It was the only state in the Kaira Agency of the Gujarat division of the Bombay Presidency. It had an area of 350 square miles (906 km²). It was founded in 1730, at the time of the dismemberment of the Mughal Empire. The Nawabs of Cambay were descendents of Mumin Khan, the last of the Mughal governors of Gujarat, who in 1742 defeated his brother-in-law Nizam Khan, governor of Khambhat,^[7] and established himself there.^[12]

In 1780 Cambay was taken by the army of general Goddard Richards, but it was restored to the Marathas in 1783. Finally it was ceded to the British by the Peshwa under the treaty of 1803. The state was provided with a railway in 1901.^[7]

Geography and Climate

Khambhat is at {{Coord|22.3|N|72.62|E|}}.^[13] It has an average elevation of 8 metres (26 feet).

Khambhat has warm and humid climate. It is located on the plains. The land on which Khambhat sits is the silt deposited by Mahi River, so Khambhat has very fertile, wet coastal alluvial soil.The area south of Khambhat is muddy wetlands and then coast line comes. Normally April to June is summer. From July, it rains until September. It has a muggy climate for most of the year except winters. Sometimes Khambhat receives heavy rain, and surrounding areas get affected from floods in the Mahi River. Mid November to January is winter, which results in essentially mild cold during the nights and early mornings with warm noons. Maximum average temperatures are 25 to 30 degrees Celsius and minimum average temperatures are 10 to 12 C. Summer maximum average temperatures are 38 C and minimum around 22 C. In summer, high winds are common. Khambhat coast's tides are among the highest in the world. It runs up to 35 feet.^[14]

Demographics

As of 2001 India census,^[15] Khambhat had a population of 80,439. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Khambhat has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 67%. In Khambhat, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Economy

In the 14th and 15th centuries, Khambhat was well-known for Muslim gravestones carved in marble which were exported to various locations along the Indian Ocean rim, including Southeast Asia.^[16]

Many here are in the agate business, colored stone business (mainly ruby), and have shops which sell eatables and household products. Kite making and subsequent sales to surrounding large cities is growing.

Transport

Railway

Road

Khambhat is connected with Tarapur, Dharmaj, Vataman, Petlad, Nadiad, Anand, and Dali by Regional roads.

Schools

Colleges

Tourism

Additional information

In May 2001, India's Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Science and Technology division, Murli Manohar Joshi, announced that the ruins of an ancient civilization had been discovered off the coast of Gujarat, in the Gulf of Khambhat. The site was discovered by NIOT while they performed routine pollution studies using SONAR, and was described as an area of regularly spaced geometric structures. It is located 20 km from the Gujarat coast, spans 9 km, and can be found at a depth of 30–40 meters. In his announcement, Joshi represented the site as an urban settlement that pre-dates the Indus Valley Civilization. However, these claims were made without the backing of any experts and have since been debunked by prominent archaeologists.^[17]

References

1. ^{{Cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Towns and their Population: Gujarat |work= Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/guj_towns.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124151904/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/guj_towns.pdf |archivedate=24 November 2007 |deadurl=no}}
2. ^¹{{Cite book|url=|title=The Travels of Marco Polo|last=Polo|first=Marco|last2=Pisa|first2=Rustichello|publisher=|year=c. 1300|isbn=|location=|pages=|author-link1=Marco Polo|author-link2=Rustichello da Pisa}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/?id=cAgkDwAAQBAJ|title=The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their Inhabitants: Written by Duarte Barbosa, and Completed about the year 1518 A.D, Volume 2|last=|first=|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=|isbn=9781317040149|location=|pages=|authors=Duarte Barbosa; Mansel Longworth Dames}}
4. ^{{Cite book|title=Marino Sanudo Torsello, The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross: Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis|last=Lock|first=Peter|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4094-8210-9|location=|pages=49}}
5. ^¹²³{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hobson-Jobson/C#cambay|title=Hobson-Jobson/C|last=|first=|date=|website=Wikisource|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eOJoAAAAcAAJ|title=Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan; Or, The Mogul Empire: With an Introduction, Illustrative of the Geography and Present Division of that Country: and a Map of the Countries Situated Between the Head of the Indus, and the Caspian Sea|last=Rennell|first=James|publisher=M. Brown|year=1788|isbn=|location=|pages=136}}
7. ^¹²³⁴{{EB1911 |wstitle=Cambay |volume=5 |page=81 |inline=1}}
8. ^{{Cite book|title=The Rehla of Ibn Battuta (India, Maldive Islands and Ceylon)|last=Baṭṭūṭa|first=Ibn|last2=Husain|first2=Mahdi|publisher=Oriental Institute|year=1976|isbn=|location=Baroda|pages=172}}
9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lambourn|first=Elizabeth|date=2002-10-01|title=The English factory or Kothī gateway at Cambay: an unpublished Tughluq structure from Gujarat|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/div-classtitlethe-english-factory-or-span-classitalickothspan-gateway-at-cambay-an-unpublished-tughluq-structure-from-gujarat-div/4801B76D11B55E561B18C7DE2A2EC2AC|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=65|issue=3|pages=495–517|doi=10.1017/S0041977X02000307|issn=1474-0699}}
10. ^Livro em que dá relação do que viu e ouviu no Oriente. p. 77 sq.
11. ^Is this internal river, the Cuindarim, the Narmada?
12. ^Princely States of India
13. ^Khambhat is between the tropical and subtropical climatic zone.Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Khambhat
14. ^{{cite journal|title=Tidal propagation in the Gulf of Khambhat, Bombay High, and surrounding areas|journal=Journal of Earth System Science|volume=108|issue= 3|author=A. S. Unnikrishnan, S. R. Shetye and G. S. Michael|pages=155–177}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lambourn|first=Elizabeth|date=2004|title=Carving and Communities: Marble Carving for Muslim Patrons at Khambhāt and around the Indian Ocean Rim, Late Thirteenth–Mid-Fifteenth Centuries|url=|journal=Ars Orientalis|volume=34|pages=99-133|via=}}
17. ^Bavadam, Lyla. "Questionable claims: Archaeologists debunk the claim that underwater structures in the Gulf of Khambhat point to the existence of a pre-Harappan civilisation." Frontline 2–15 March 2002. .