| 词条 | Kensington System |
| 释义 |
The Kensington System was a strict and elaborate set of rules designed by Victoria, Duchess of Kent, along with her attendant, Sir John Conroy, concerning the upbringing of the Duchess's daughter, the future Queen Victoria. It is named after Kensington Palace in London, where they resided prior to Queen Victoria's accession to the throne. ApplicationThe System was aimed at rendering the young Princess Victoria weak and dependent, and thus unlikely to adhere to her other relatives in the House of Hanover against her mother and Conroy. Young Victoria was never allowed to be apart from either her mother, her tutor, or her governesses, Baroness Lehzen and the Duchess of Northumberland. She was kept isolated from other children; her mother and Conroy strictly monitored and recorded her every action and entirely controlled whom she was allowed to meet.[1] Victoria had only two playmates during her adolescence: her half sister, Princess Feodora of Leiningen, and Conroy's daughter, Victoire. Only occasional trips were made outside the palace grounds; two visits to Claremont to see her uncle Leopold I of Belgium greatly influenced Victoria's opinion on the system.[2] When it became clear that Victoria would inherit the throne, they tried to induce Victoria to appoint Conroy her personal secretary and treasurer via a long series of threats and browbeating, to no avail.{{fact|date=August 2018}} Daily routineThe Duchess of Kent instituted a strict daily schedule for Victoria's education. Morning lessons began at 9:30 sharp with a break at 11:30. Lessons would resume for the afternoon at 3:00 and would last until 5:00.[3] EducationVictoria's education began at the age of five. Her first teacher, Reverend George Davys, Dean of Chester, instructed her on scripture. The Duchess of Kent would personally drill her daughter after each lesson. At eight years old, Victoria began learning decorum, reading, and writing from Baroness Lehzen. She later studied Greek, Latin, Italian, French, and German, which she later used to converse with Prince Albert when they began their courtship in 1839. EndorsementThe system was endorsed by Queen Victoria's half-brother, Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen, who supported his mother's ambitions for a regency. In 1841, after Victoria had become queen and made her displeasure with the Kensington System known, Carl attempted to justify it in his book A Complete History of the Policy Followed at Kensington, Under Sir John Conroy's Guidance.[4] Victoria's response{{refimprove section|date=August 2018}}The Kensington System was an utter failure and backfired spectacularly: Victoria grew to hate her mother, Conroy, and her mother's lady-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, over the system. Her first two requests, upon her accession, were that she should be allowed an hour by herself (which the Kensington System had never permitted), and that her bed should be removed from her mother's room (which presaged the cessation of her mother's influence, and, through her mother, that of Conroy).[5] Among Victoria's first acts upon her accession to the throne at the age of 18 was to ban Conroy from her apartments permanently. After a brief engagement, Victoria married Prince Albert in 1840, and thus was no longer conventionally required to live with her mother. At the conclusion of her wedding ceremony, she only shook hands with the Duchess. She soon thereafter evicted her mother from the palace and rarely visited her, remaining cold and distant from her until the birth of her first child.{{fact|date=August 2018}} References1. ^{{cite book | last = Lacey | first = Robert | title = Great Tales from English History, Volume 3 | publisher = Little, Brown, and Company | year = 2006 | location = London | pages = 133–136 | isbn = 0-316-11459-6}} 2. ^Williams, Kate. Becoming Queen Victoria: The Tragic Death of Princess Charlotte and the Unexpected Rise of Britain's Greatest Monarch. New York: Ballantine, 2010. Print. 3. ^Rappaport, Helen. Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003. Print. 4. ^{{cite book | last = Rappaport | first = Helen | authorlink = Helen Rappaport | title = Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2003 | pages = 218–220 | isbn = 1-85109-355-9}} 5. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/ztn34j6|author=Professor Kate Williams| title=Queen Victoria: The woman who redefined Britain’s monarchy| date=12 April 2015 | work =BBC i-Wonder | accessdate =4 December 2015 }} External links
3 : Queen Victoria|Kensington Palace|History of education in England |
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