| 词条 | Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine | |||||||||
| 释义 |
}}{{expand Ukrainian|Хмельницький|date=August 2013}}{{Infobox settlement | official_name = Khmelnytskyi | native_name = Хмельницький | settlement_type = City of regional significance | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = Khmelnytskyi Oblast Council, Proskurivska Street, Lybid Plaza Shopping centre and Hotel | image_flag = Flag of Khmelnytskyi.svg | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Khmelnitsky.svg | nickname = | motto = |pushpin_map = Ukraine Khmelnytskyi Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position= | pushpin_map_caption =Location of Khmelnytskyi in Ukraine |pushpin_map1 = Ukraine Khmelnytskyi oblast |pushpin_mapsize1 = 200 |mapsize = 225px |map_caption = Location in Ukraine |pushpin_map_caption1 = Location in Khmelnytskyi Oblast | coordinates = {{coord|49|25|0|N|27|00|0|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = Oblast | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Khmelnytskyi Oblast}} | subdivision_type2 = City council | subdivision_name2 = Khmelnytskyi city | established_title = First mentioned | established_date = 1431 | established_title1 = City rights | established_date1 = September 22, 1937 | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Oleksandr Symshyshyn | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 90|area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | population_as_of = 2005 | population_note = | population_total = 290100 | population_footnotes = | population_metro = | population_density_km2 = 2822 | elevation_m = | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 29000 | area_code = +380 382 | website = http://www.khmelnytsky.com | footnotes = }} Khmelnytskyi ({{lang-uk|Хмельни́цький|Chmełnyċkyj}}, {{IPA-uk|xmɛlʲˈnɪtsʲkɪj|pron}}; {{lang-pl|Chmielnicki}})[1] (until 1954, Proskuriv, {{lang-uk|Проску́рів}} {{IPA-uk|proˈskuriu̯|}}; {{lang-pl|Płoskirów}}) is a city in western part of Ukraine, the administrative center for the Khmelnytskyi Oblast (region) and the Khmelnytskyi Raion (district). Khmelnytskyi is located in the historic region of Podolia on the banks of the Buh River. The city received its current local government designation in 1941. In 2015, the city's population was 267,973, making it the second largest city of the former, archaic Podolia region after Vinnytsia and the largest city of the western part of the region. History{{expand section|date=August 2013}}The city foundation date is uncertain. The territory, where Khmelnytskyi is situated, has been inhabited for a very long time. Many archaeological discoveries have been discovered in the city suburbs. For example, to the East of Lezneve district, there was a settlement from the Bronze Age 2000 B.C., and from Scythian times from 7-3 century B.C.[2] The first mention of the city was written with Cyrillic alphabet. From 1431 it was known as Płoskirów (Ploskirov, Плоскиров) and was part of the Kingdom of Poland. It was a royal city. After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, the city was annexed by the Russian Empire and was renamed Proskurov (Проскурoв). According to the Russian census of 1897, Proskurov with a population of 22,855 was the fifth largest city of Podolia after Kamianets-Podilskyi, Uman, Vinnytsia and Balta. In 1920 it became part of Soviet Ukraine. In 1954 the city was finally renamed Khmelnytskyi (Хмельницький) in the honor of the 300th anniversary of a treaty negotiated by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Pogroms{{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}A series of Jewish pogroms have been carried out in the region, known together as the Proskurov pogrom. According to Vinnytsia's city archives the pogrom was conducted on the Friday night of February 15, 1919 by one of the otamans (generals) of the Ukrainian People's Army, Otaman Semysenko (also rendered as Semesenko). In total 390 men, 309 women and 76 children were killed, and 500 individuals were wounded. The Chief Otaman Petliura had been appointed head of state just two days prior to the tragedy, on February the 13th. Petliura issued Order 131 in which he mentioned the fact that numerous Jewish parties in Ukraine (Bund, Poale Zion, Folks-Partei, Unificationists) rose to defend the sovereignty of the Ukrainian Republic and were cooperating with the Ukrainian government. He condemned such pogroms, calling those initiating them deserters and enemies of the State that must be liquidated. The order was co-signed by the Chief of Staff, Otaman Yunakiv. The order was published in the Ukraina newspaper on February 20 (March 4, old style). Later, Petliura issued a special order to execute Semysenko for being the pogrom initiator. According to sources the order was carried out[3] on March 20, 1920.{{cn|date=April 2018}} Other sources claim that he was released.[3] During the Schwartzbard trial, at the end of which Petliura's assassin was pardoned on the grounds of self-trail (revenge), the main argument of the defense was that Schwartzbard had acted as an avenger of the Jews killed in pogroms perpetrated during Petliura's rule. World War IIThe town was occupied by the German Army from July 8, 1941 to March 25, 1944. On November 4, 1941, 5300 Jewish inhabitants of the town and surrounding villages were shot by an Einsatzgruppe.[4] A ghetto was formed on December 14, 1941, where all surviving Jewish inhabitants had to resettle and were subjected to forced labor. They were subsequently killed in the fall of 1942. More than 9500 Jews were killed in the town in total.[5] Cold War-time military baseKhmelnytskyi was home to the 19th Division of the 43rd Rocket Army of the Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces during the Cold War.[6] The intercontinental ballistic missile silos of the division that were housed there were removed and destroyed, partially with U.S. Cooperative Threat Reduction funding, during the 1990s. Geography and natural resourcesKhmelnytskyi is the regional center of the Khmelnytskyi region which is located in the western part of Ukraine in the middle of Podillia, its total area makes up {{convert|8624|ha|acre|abbr=on}}. Khmelnytskyi has a favorable geographical position. Khmelnytskyi is crossed by one of the longest rivers of Ukraine – the Southern Bug. Coincidentally, through the western portion of the city flows small river Ploska. The climate of Khmelnytskyi is moderately continental. The average temperature of Khmelnytskyi in its warmest month (July) is {{convert|20|to|22|C|F|abbr=on}}, and the average temperature in the coldest month (January) is {{convert|-5|to|-6|C|F|abbr=on}}. The maximum temperatures in the summer on average reaches {{convert|36|to|38|C|F|abbr=on}}, and the minimum temperatures in the winter on average is {{convert|-24|to|-30|C|F|abbr=on}}. Khmelnytskyi's average annual temperature is {{convert|7|to|8|C|F|abbr=on}}. Khmelnytskyi's average annual precipitation is {{convert|510|to|580|mm|in|2|abbr=on|lk=out}}. The most abundant make up for the ground in Khmelnytskyi are layers of the following overburden: loess and loess-type rocks. The ground-climatic conditions of Khmelnytskyi are favorable for the cultivation of winter wheat and rye, sugar beet, potato and other crops. Khmelnytskyi is also ideal for the development of gardening and vegetable growing. In the territory of Khmelnytskyi there are the vegetations of two geobotanical zones of Ukraine: Polissya and forest-steppe. Khmelnytskyi and its greater region supplies many rock products, particularly building materials such as: limestone, plaster, chalk, tripoli powder, crystal layers (granites, gneisses), sand, sandstones, and also graphite, saponite, kaolin, phosphorite, lithographic stone and roofing slate. There are also deposits of peat, bitumen, shale and oil. {{Weather box|location = Khmelnytskyi (1955-2011) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 12.0 |Feb record high C = 17.1 |Mar record high C = 23.0 |Apr record high C = 26.5 |May record high C = 31.7 |Jun record high C = 33.9 |Jul record high C = 35.5 |Aug record high C = 34.0 |Sep record high C = 30.4 |Oct record high C = 26.6 |Nov record high C = 20.0 |Dec record high C = 12.8 |year record high C = 35.5 | Jan high C = -2.1 | Feb high C = -0.6 | Mar high C = 4.6 | Apr high C = 12.9 | May high C = 19.3 | Jun high C = 22.2 | Jul high C = 23.9 | Aug high C = 23.3 | Sep high C = 18.5 | Oct high C = 12.3 | Nov high C = 4.8 | Dec high C = -0.5 |year high C = 11.6 | Jan mean C = -4.5 | Feb mean C = -3.5 | Mar mean C = 0.8 | Apr mean C = 8.0 | May mean C = 13.9 | Jun mean C = 17.0 | Jul mean C = 18.6 | Aug mean C = 17.8 | Sep mean C = 13.1 | Oct mean C = 7.7 | Nov mean C = 2.0 | Dec mean C = -2.7 |year mean C = 7.4 | Jan low C = -7.4 | Feb low C = -6.5 | Mar low C = -2.7 | Apr low C = 3.2 | May low C = 8.6 | Jun low C = 11.8 | Jul low C = 13.5 | Aug low C = 12.7 | Sep low C = 8.4 | Oct low C = 3.7 | Nov low C = -0.7 | Dec low C = -5.3 |year low C = 3.4 |Jan record low C = -30.5 |Feb record low C = -27.0 |Mar record low C = -23.6 |Apr record low C = -7.2 |May record low C = -2.8 |Jun record low C = 2.2 |Jul record low C = 3.6 |Aug record low C = 2.1 |Sep record low C = -5.0 |Oct record low C = -11.4 |Nov record low C = -17.8 |Dec record low C = -25.4 |year record low C = -30.5 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 32.5 | Feb precipitation mm = 36.4 | Mar precipitation mm = 30.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 50.0 | May precipitation mm = 60.6 | Jun precipitation mm = 94.1 | Jul precipitation mm = 105.0 | Aug precipitation mm = 64.4 | Sep precipitation mm = 58.4 | Oct precipitation mm = 38.0 | Nov precipitation mm = 45.5 | Dec precipitation mm = 41.7 |year precipitation mm = 656.8 |Jan precipitation days = 20.7 |Feb precipitation days = 19.0 |Mar precipitation days = 17.7 |Apr precipitation days = 13.1 |May precipitation days = 11.0 |Jun precipitation days = 11.3 |Jul precipitation days = 10.5 |Aug precipitation days = 7.7 |Sep precipitation days = 10.5 |Oct precipitation days = 11.5 |Nov precipitation days = 16.1 |Dec precipitation days = 20.2 |year precipitation days = 169.3 |Jan humidity = 87.5 |Feb humidity = 85.1 |Mar humidity = 78.1 |Apr humidity = 65.9 |May humidity = 65.5 |Jun humidity = 71.3 |Jul humidity = 74.1 |Aug humidity = 72.4 |Sep humidity = 75.5 |Oct humidity = 80.9 |Nov humidity = 88.0 |Dec humidity = 88.9 |year humidity = 77.8 |source 1 = Climatebase.ru[7] |date= November 2013}} DemographicsAccording to a 2017 survey, 94% of the population are ethnic Ukrainians and 3% are Russians.[8] The average life expectancy of its inhabitants is 65 years for men, and 75 years for women.{{when?|date=August 2017}} EducationKhmelnytskyi hosts 6 universities, 2 academies, 3 institutes, 12 colleges, 4 technical schools and 15 representative offices of other Ukrainian HEIs. [9] [10] {{See also|Khmelnytskyi National University}}TransportKhmelnytskyi has infrastructure for transportation connections with Moscow, Prague, Bratislava, Warsaw, Budapest, Belgrade and all major Ukrainian cities. The distance from Khmelnytskyi to Kiev by railway is estimated to be {{convert|366|km|mi|abbr=on}}, by highway it is estimated to be {{convert|384|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The highways Kiev-Lviv, Odessa-Lviv and Chernivtsi-Kiev pass through Khmelnytskyi. The city is served by the Khmelnytskyi Ruzhychna Airport. Khmelnytskyi's airport has a {{convert|2200|m|2|abbr=on}} concrete runway; at the airport there is a check point for crossing the state border of Ukraine. SportsKhmelnytskyi is home to the competitive football team FC Dynamo Khmelnytskyi. Points of interest
Notable people from Khmelnytskyi
International relations{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine}}Twin towns — Sister citiesKhmelnytskyi is twinned with:
In January 2016 the Khmelnytskyi city council terminated its twinned relations with the Russian cities Tver and Ivanovo due to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present).[11] Views of KhmelnytskyiReferences1. ^The alternative transliterations of the name Bromstock include Khmel’nyts’kyỹ, Khmel’nyts’kyy, Khmelnitsky, and Khmelnitskiy 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://volonter-turbota.blogspot.com/2011/06/2-2-1.html|title=Волонтерська турбота про духовні скарби Хмельниччини: Участь європейського клубу «Кур'єри ЮНЕСКО» гімназії №2 м. Хмельницького зі статусом «Асоційована школа ЮНЕСКО» у проекті «Волонтерська турбота про духовні скарби Хмельниччини»|last=ЮНЕСКО"|first=Опубліковано Євроклуб "Кур'єри|access-date=2016-05-03}} 3. ^1 {{uk icon}} Proskurivsky pogrom. Petliura's fault? by Henry Abramson, Ukrayinska Pravda (25 February 2019) 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.seminaire-shoah.org/L-Ukraine-et-le-debut-de-la-solution-finale-de-la-question-juive-en-Europe-Le-meurtre-des-Juifs-d-Ukraine-par-les-nazis_a29.html |title=L’Ukraine et le début de la " solution finale de la question juive en Europe " - Le meurtre des Juifs d'Ukraine par les nazis et leurs collaborateurs - Introduction historique |last=Husson |first=Edouard |date=11 November 2008 |website=Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement sur la Shoah à l'Est |access-date=13 February 2015}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://biznes.km.ua/onenews/Do-70richchya-ostannogo-rozstrilu-vyazniv-proskurivskogo-getto.html |title=До 70-річчя останнього розстрілу в'язнів проскурівського гетто |author= |date=30 November 2012 |website=http://biznes.km.ua |access-date=13 February 2015}} 6. ^{{cite book | last = Feskov| first = V.I.|author2=Kalashnikov, K.A. |author3=Golikov, V.I. | title = The Soviet Army in the Years of the Cold War 1945–91| publisher= Tomsk University Publishing House| year = 2004| location = Tomsk| page = 133| isbn = 5-7511-1819-7 }} 7. ^{{cite web| url = http://climatebase.ru/station/33429/?lang=en| title = Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine Climate Data| publisher = Climatebase| accessdate = November 25, 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2017-8-22_ukraine_poll_presentation.pdf |title= Public Opinion Survey of Residents of UkraineJune 9 – July 7, 2017 |publisher= iri.org |page= 83 |date= August 2017 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170822212837/http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2017-8-22_ukraine_poll_presentation.pdf |archivedate= August 22, 2017 |df= }} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://osvita.ua/vnz/rating/45569/|title=Higher education institutions raiting (Khmelnytskyi)|access-date=2017-02-05}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://vstup.info/2016/i2016o23.html#reg|title= List of higher education institutions in Khmelnytskyi|access-date=2017-02-05}} 11. ^{{ukicon}} Chernivtsi decided to terminate the relationship with twin two Russian cities, The Ukrainian Week (February 27, 2016) External links{{commons category|Khmelnytskyi}}{{Wiktionary|Khmelnytskyi}}
10 : Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Cities in Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Podolia Governorate|Podolia Voivodeship|1493 establishments in Europe|Cities of regional significance in Ukraine|Holocaust locations in Ukraine|Oblast centers in Ukraine|Populated places on the Southern Bug|15th-century establishments in Ukraine |
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