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词条 Kepler-11
释义

  1. Nomenclature and history

  2. Characteristics

  3. Planetary system

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{good article}}{{Starbox begin
| name = Kepler-11
}}{{Starbox image
| image =
| caption = Artist's conception of a simultaneous transit of three planets before Kepler-11 observed by NASA's Kepler spacecraft on Aug. 26, 2010.
}}{{Starbox observe
| constell = Cygnus
| epoch = J2000
| ra = {{RA|19|48|27.6228}}[1]
| dec = {{DEC|+41|54|32.903}}[1]
| appmag_v = 14.2[3]
}}{{Starbox character
| class = G6V[3]
}}{{Starbox astrometry
| prop_mo_ra = {{val|−0.038|0.025}}[1]
| prop_mo_dec = {{val|−7.069|0.029}}[1]
| parallax = 1.5184
| p_error = 0.0151
| parallax_footnote = [1]
| absmag_v = 4.7
}}{{Starbox detail
| source =
| mass = {{val|1.042|0.005}}
| radius = {{val|1.021|0.025}}
| luminosity =
| gravity = {{val|4.44|0.02}}
| temperature = {{val|5836|7}}
| metal_fe = {{val|0.062|0.007}}
| rotational_velocity = {{val|2.2|0.2}}
| age_gyr = {{val|3.2|0.9}}
}}{{Starbox catalog
| names = KIC 6541920, KOI-157[10]
}}{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = Kepler-11
| KIC = 6541920
}}{{Starbox end}}

Kepler-11 is a Sun-like star slightly larger than the Sun in the constellation Cygnus, located some 2,150 light years from Earth. It is located within the field of vision of the Kepler spacecraft, the satellite that NASA's Kepler Mission uses to detect planets that may be transiting their stars. Announced on February 2, 2011, the star system is among the most compact and flattest systems yet discovered. It is the first discovered case of a star system with six transiting planets. All discovered planets are larger than Earth, with the larger ones being about Neptune's size.

Nomenclature and history

Kepler-11 and its planets were discovered by NASA's Kepler Mission, a mission tasked with discovering planets in transit around their stars. The transit method that Kepler uses involves detecting dips in brightness in stars. These dips in brightness can be interpreted as planets whose orbits move in front of their stars from the perspective of Earth. Kepler-11 is the first discovered exoplanetary system with more than three transiting planets.[1]

Kepler-11 is named for the Kepler Mission: it is the 11th star with confirmed planets discovered in the Kepler field of view.

The planets are named alphabetically, starting with the innermost: b, c, d, e, f, and g, distinguishers that are tagged onto the name of their home star.

Characteristics

Kepler-11 is a G-type star that is approximately 104% the mass of and 102% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of about 5836 K and is estimated to have an age of around 3.2 billion years. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old[2] and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.[3]

With an apparent magnitude of 14.2, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye.[3]

Planetary system

All known planets transit the star; this means that all six planets' orbits appear to cross in front of their star as viewed from the Earth's perspective. Their inclinations relative to Earth's line of sight, or how far above or below the plane of sight they are, vary by a little more than a degree. This allows direct measurements of the planets' periods and relative diameters (compared to the host star) by monitoring each planet's transit of the star. Simulations suggest that the mean mutual inclinations of the planetary orbits are about 1°, meaning the system is probably more coplanar (flatter) than the Solar System, where the corresponding figure is 2.3°.[3]

The estimated masses of planets b - f fall in the range between those of Earth and Neptune. Their estimated densities, all lower than that of Earth, imply that none of them have an Earth-like composition;[4] a significant hydrogen/helium atmosphere is predicted for planets c, d, e, f, and g, while planet b may be surrounded by a steam atmosphere or perhaps by a hydrogen atmosphere.[18][5] The low densities likely result from high-volume extended atmospheres that surround cores of iron, rock, and possibly H2O.[5][6] The inner constituents of the Kepler-11 system were, at the time of their discoveries, the most comprehensively understood extrasolar planets smaller than Neptune.[7] Currently, observations do not place a firm constraint on the mass of planet g (<25 ME).[18] However, formation and evolution studies indicate that the mass of planet g is not much greater than about 7 ME.[5]

Kepler-11 planets may have formed in situ (i.e., at their observed orbital locations) or may have started their formation farther away from the star while migrating inward through gravitational interactions with a gaseous protoplanetary disk. This second scenario predicts that a substantial fraction of the planets' mass is in H2O.[5] Regardless of the formation scenario, the gaseous component of the planets accounts for less than about 20% of their masses but for ≈40 to ≈60% of their radii.

The system is among the most compact known; the orbits of planets b - f would easily fit inside the orbit of Mercury, with g only slightly outside it. Despite this close packing of the orbits, dynamical integrations indicate the system has the potential to be stable on a time scale of billions of years.[3]

None of the planets are in low-ratio orbital resonances, in which multiple planets gravitationally tug on and stabilize each other's orbits, resulting in simple ratios of their orbital periods.[6] However, b and c are close to a 5:4 ratio.[3]

There could conceivably be other planets in the system that do not transit the star, but they would only be detectable by the effects of their gravity on the motion of the visible planets (much as how Neptune was discovered).

Planet Mass
(ME)		 Radius
(RE)		 Density
(g/cm3)		 Orbital
period
(d)		 Semimajor
axis
(AU)		 Orbital
ecc.		 Inc.
(°)		 Discovery
year
b{{val|1.9|+1.4|-1.0}}1.8|+0.03|-0.05}}1.72|+1.25|-0.91}}10.3039|+0.0006|-0.0010}}0.091|+0.001|-0.001}}0.045|+0.068|-0.042}}89.64|+0.36|-0.18}} 2011[18]
c{{val|2.9|+2.9|-1.6}}2.87|+0.05|-0.06}}0.66|+0.66|-0.35}}13.0241|+0.0013|-0.0008}}0.107|+0.001|-0.001}}0.026|+0.063|-0.013}}89.59|+0.41|-0.16}} 2011[18]
d{{val|7.3|+0.8|-1.5}}3.12|+0.06|-0.07}}1.28|+0.14|-0.27}}22.6845|+0.0009|-0.0009}}0.155|+0.001|-0.001}}0.004|+0.007|-0.002}}89.67|+0.13|-0.16}} 2011[18]
e{{val|8.0|+1.5|-2.1}}4.19|+0.07|-0.09}}0.58|+0.11|-0.16}}31.9996|+0.0008|-0.0012}}0.195|+0.002|-0.002}}0.012|+0.006|-0.006}}89.89|+0.02|-0.02}} 2011[18]
f{{val|2.0|+0.8|-0.9}}2.49|+0.04|-0.07}}0.69|+0.29|-0.32}}46.6888|+0.0027|-0.0032}}0.250|+0.002|-0.002}}0.013|+0.011|-0.009}}89.47|+0.04|-0.04}} 2011[18]
g<253.33|+0.06|-0.08}} <4 118.3807|+0.0010|-0.0006}}0.466|+0.004|-0.004}} <0.1589.87|+0.05|-0.06}} 2011[18]

Relative size and positions of the 6 planets of Kepler-11, and of the innermost Solar System for comparison.
The diameters of the planets (but not of the stars) are scaled up by a factor of 50.

See also

  • List of multiplanetary systems
  • Kepler Mission
  • Gliese 581
  • 55 Cancri
  • HD 10180

References

1. ^{{cite web |author1=Michael Mewhinney |author2=Rachel Hoover |author3=Trent J. Perrotto | title=NASA's Kepler Spacecraft Discovers Extraordinary New Planetary System | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/new_planetary_system.html | publisher=NASA | date=2 February 2011 | accessdate=4 February 2011}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/18237/how-old-is-the-sun/ |title=How Old is the Sun? |author=Fraser Cain |date=16 September 2008 |work= |publisher=Universe Today |accessdate=19 February 2011}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/18092/temperature-of-the-sun/ |title=Temperature of the Sun |author=Fraser Cain |date=September 15, 2008 |work= |publisher=Universe Today |accessdate=19 February 2011}}
4. ^{{Cite news|last=Boyle |first=Alan |authorlink=Alan Boyle |title=Planetary six-pack poses a puzzle |work=MSNBC Cosmic Log |date=2 February 2011 |url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/01/5972312-planetary-six-pack-poses-a-puzzle |accessdate=4 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204134830/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/01/5972312-planetary-six-pack-poses-a-puzzle |archivedate= 4 February 2011 |df= }}
5. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=D'Angelo|first=G.|author2= Bodenheimer, P. |title=In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|year=2016|volume=828|issue=1|pages=id. 33 (32 pp.)|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/828/1/33|arxiv = 1606.08088 |bibcode = 2016ApJ...828...33D }}
6. ^1 {{Cite news | last=Naeye | first=Robert | title=Kepler's Outrageous System of Six Planets | work=Sky & Telescope | date=2 February 2011 | url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/115102594.html | accessdate=4 February 2011}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=kepler-11-thousands-extrasolar-planets |title=A Wealth of Worlds: Kepler Spacecraft Finds 6 New Exoplanets and Hints at 1,200 More |author=John Matson |date=2 February 2011 |work= |publisher=Scientific American |accessdate=20 February 2011}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite DR2}} Gaia Data Release 2 catalog entry
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal | title=A closely packed system of low-mass, low-density planets transiting Kepler-11 | last1=Lissauer | first1=Jack J. | last2=Fabrycky | first2=Daniel C. | last3=Ford | first3=Eric B. | last4=Borucki | first4=William J. | last5=Fressin | first5=Francois | last6=Marcy | first6=Geoffrey W. | last7=Orosz | first7=Jerome A. | last8=Rowe | first8=Jason F. | last9=Torres | first9=Guillermo | last10=Welsh | first10=William F. | last11=Batalha | first11=Natalie M. | last12=Bryson | first12=Stephen T. | last13=Buchhave | first13=Lars A. | last14=Caldwell | first14=Douglas A. | last15=Carter | first15=Joshua A. | last16=Charbonneau | first16=David | last17=Christiansen | first17=Jessie L. | last18=Cochran | first18=William D. | last19=Desert | first19=Jean-Michel | last20=Dunham | first20=Edward W. | last21=Fanelli | first21=Michael N. | last22=Fortney | first22=Jonathan J. | last23=Gautier III | first23=Thomas N. | last24=Geary | first24=John C. | last25=Gilliland | first25=Ronald L. | last26=Haas | first26=Michael R. | last27=Hall | first27=Jennifer R. | last28=Holman | first28=Matthew J. | last29=Koch | first29=David G. | last30=Latham | first30=David W. | display-authors=1 | journal=Nature | volume=470 | issue=7332 | pages=53–58 | year=2011 | arxiv=1102.0291 | bibcode=2011Natur.470...53L | doi=10.1038/nature09760 | pmid=21293371 }}
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal | title=All Six Planets Known to Orbit Kepler-11 Have Low Densities | url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/131/meta | last1=Lissauer | first1=Jack J. | last2=Jontof-Hutter | first2=Daniel | last3=Rowe | first3=Jason F. | last4=Fabrycky | first4=Daniel C. | last5=Lopez | first5=Eric D. | last6=Agol | first6=Eric | last7=Marcy | first7=Geoffrey W. | last8=Deck | first8=Katherine M. | last9=Fischer | first9=Debra A. | last10=Fortney | first10=Jonathan J. | last11=Howell | first11=Steve B. | last12=Isaacson | first12=Howard | last13=Jenkins | first13=Jon M. | last14=Kolbl | first14=Rea | last15=Sasselov | first15=Dimitar | last16=Short | first16=Donald R. | last17=Welsh | first17=William F. | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=770 | issue=2 | at=131 | year=2013 | arxiv=1303.0227 | bibcode=2013ApJ...770..131L | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/131 }}
11. ^1 {{cite simbad | title=Kepler-11 | accessdate=2018-05-09 }}
[8][9][10][11]
}}

External links

{{Commons category}}
  • Official release: NASA's Kepler Spacecraft Discovers Extraordinary New Planetary System
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8Ipowj6X5s YouTube: Animation of Kepler-11 planetary system]
  • Kepler 11 Planetary System with Orbits and Planet Sizes
  • Astronomers Find 6-Pack of Planets in Alien Solar System
  • {{APOD |date=3 February 2011|title=Six Worlds for Kepler-11}}
{{Kepler-11}}{{Stars of Cygnus}}{{Sky|19|48|27.62|+|41|54|32.9}}

6 : Kepler-11|Planetary systems with six confirmed planets|G-type main-sequence stars|Planetary transit variables|Cygnus (constellation)|Kepler Objects of Interest
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