“Khirbat Umm Burj”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Khirbat Umm Burj was a Palestinian Arab village in the Hebron Subdistrict, sometimes designated in modern maps as Burgin.^[6] It occupied an extensive site, stretching about 30 dunams (7.4 acres) on the crest of a hill, rising some {{convert|430|m|ft|}} above sea level, and commanding a good prospect of the surrounding region. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on October 28, 1948 during the third stage of Operation Yo'av under the command of Yigal Allon. The site is located 17 km northwest of Hebron.

History

The site was occupied from the Iron Age. A large ancient necropolis was here, including a church or synagogue, residential buildings and numerous agricultural installations.^[7] Israeli archaeologists, Amir Ganor and Boaz Zissu, think that Umm Burj may be a corruption of the 1st-century Jewish village, Kefar Bish, a view earlier rejected by Klein who said that Kefar Bish still bears its namesake in the nearby ruin of Khirbet al-Bis.^[8]^[9] In the late 19th century, extensive Christian remains were noted in the area surrounding Umm Burj.^[10] Finnish scholar, Aapeli Saarisalo, visited the site of Umm Burj in the earlier 20th-century, and described its ruins as being those of Byzantine and Arab origin.^[11]

Ottoman era

In 1838 Um Burj was noted as village, located in the area between the mountains and Gaza, but subject to the government of el-Khulil.^[12]

In 1863, Victor Guérin passed north of Khirbat Umm Burj, and described the village as being on a mountain, dominating the surroundings.^[13]

An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that um-burdsch had a population of 150, in 25 houses, though the population count included men, only.^[14]^[15]

French orientalist and archaeologist, Charles Clermont-Ganneau, visited the site in 1874 where he noticed a well situated nearby, called Bîr Hârûn, surmounted with a rude structure, near which were troughs hollowed out in large stone blocks.^[16]

In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Umm Burj as: "A ruined village, with a central tower; apparently not ancient; caves and cisterns round it, and a well."^[17] Khalidi believed that the SWP assumption that the tower was not ancient might have been wrong.^[18]

British Mandate era

In the 1931 census of Palestine, Umm Burj and Sanabra, listed in the sub-district of Hebron, had a joint population of 119 Muslims, in a total of 26 houses.^[19]

In the 1945 statistics it had a population of 140 Muslims,^[3] with a total of 13,083 dunums of land.^[4] Of this, 28 dunums were irrigated or used for plantations, 3,546 were for cereal,^[20] while 15 dunams were built-up (urban) areas.^[21]

The villagers used to obtain drinking water from three wells on the northern outskirts of the village.^[18]

1948 and aftermath

After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the ruin of Umm Burj remained under Israeli control under the terms of the 1949 Armistice Agreements^[22] between Israel and Jordan. Today, the site lies in the Adullam-France Park.

The moshav of Nehusha was established in 1955 on land that had belonged to the village, west of the village site,^[23] but collapsed in 1968. It was re-established in 1981.

Archaeology

In the years 1995–2012, archaeological fieldwork was conducted by a team of archaeologists at Khirbet Umm Burj on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), among whom were Boaz Zissu and Amir Golan, et al., where they uncovered at the site two Byzantine churches, and a Jewish inscription incised on a doorjamb of an underground room in a hiding tunnel system.^[24] In 2013, the archaeological survey was continued at the site by Peter Gendelman, Alon Klein, and Amir Ganor, on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority,^[25] and in 2014 an archaeological excavation of the site was led by Hagit Noygborn on behalf of Israel Antiquities Authority.^[26]

Gallery

References

1. ^Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/408/mode/1up 408]
2. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR19 xix] village #326. Morris gives both cause and date of depopulation as "Not known".
3. ^¹Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 23
4. ^¹²Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 50
5. ^Khalidi, 1992, p. 224
6. ^In the Topographical Map (Map # 9, Jerusalem Corridor) published by Israel's Nature Protection Society, the site is listed as Ḥurvat Burjin.
7. ^Ganor and Klein, 2011, Horbat Burqin, Preliminary Report
8. ^Boaz Zissu and Amir Ganor, Survey and Excavations at Ḥorbat Burgin in the Judean Shephelah: Burial Caves, Hiding Complexes and Installations of the Second Temple and Byzantine Periods, ʿAtiqot (publication of the Israel Antiquities Authority), Issue 58 (2008), p. 63; {{cite journal |last=Zissu|first=Boaz |title=Survey and Excavations at Ḥorbat Burgin in the Judean Shephelah: Burial Caves, Hiding Complexes and Installations of the Second Temple and Byzantine Periods|journal= 'Atiqot|volume=|issue= 58|pages=60–64 |jstor=23464336 |date=2008}}
9. ^Samuel Klein, The Twenty-four City Councils in Judea (ארבע ועשרים בולאות שביהודה), Vienna 1933, p. 293 (Hebrew)
10. ^Warren and Conder, 1884, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00warruoft#page/446/mode/1up 446]
11. ^Aapeli Saarisalo, "Topographical Researches in the Shephelah", in: The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, vol. XI, Jerusalem 1931, p. 16
12. ^Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/117/mode/1up 117]
13. ^Guérin, 1869, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n349/mode/1up 336]
14. ^Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/162/mode/1up 162]
15. ^Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n956/mode/1up 148]
16. ^Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, ARP, vol 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicalre02cler#page/462/mode/1up 462]
17. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/380/mode/1up 380]
18. ^¹Khalidi, 1992, p. 223
19. ^Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 33]
20. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 93
21. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 143
22. ^The 1949 Armistice Agreement between Israel and Jordan
23. ^{{Citation|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|first1=Walid|last1=Khalidi|authorlink=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies|ISBN=0-88728-224-5|pages=217, 224}},
24. ^[https://www.ariel.ac.il/images/stories/site/management/rd/Kovez22.pdf Judea and Samaria Research Studies], Miriam Billig (ed.), vol. 22, Ariel University: Ariel 2013, pp. 19–20, 151–ff.
25. ^Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2013, Survey Permit # A-6748
26. ^Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2014, Survey Permit # A-7061