| 词条 | Kilometre | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| symbol = km | standard = metric | quantity = length | units1 = SI units | inunits1 = {{val|1000|ul=m}} | units2 = imperial/US units | inunits2 = {{val|0.62137|ul=mi}} {{val|3280.8|ul=ft}} | units3 = nautical units | inunits3 = {{convert|1|km|nmi|disp=out|lk=on|sigfig=5|comma=gaps}} }} The kilometre, (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: km; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɪ|l|ə|m|iː|t|ər}} or {{IPAc-en|k|ɪ|ˈ|l|ɒ|m|ɪ|t|ər}}) or kilometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one thousand metres (kilo- being the SI prefix for {{val|1000}}). It is now the measurement unit used officially for expressing distances between geographical places on land in most of the world; notable exceptions are the United States and the road network of the United Kingdom where the statute mile is the official unit used. k (pronounced {{IPAc-en|k|eɪ}}) is occasionally used in some English-speaking countries as an alternative for the word kilometre in colloquial writing and speech.[1][2][3] A slang term for the kilometre in the US and UK military is klick.[4][5]Pronunciation{{refimprove section|date=October 2011}}There are two common pronunciations for the word.[6]
The former follows a pattern in English whereby metric units are pronounced with the stress on the first syllable (as in kilogram, kilojoule and kilohertz) and the pronunciation of the actual base unit does not change irrespective of the prefix (as in centimetre, millimetre, nanometre and so on). It is generally preferred by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} Many scientists and other users, particularly in countries where the metric system is not widely used, use the pronunciation with stress on the second syllable.[7][8] The latter pronunciation follows the stress pattern used for the names of measuring instruments (such as micrometer, barometer, thermometer, tachometer and speedometer). The problem with this reasoning, however, {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} is that the word meter in those usages refers to a measuring device, not a unit of length. The contrast is even more obvious in countries using the British rather than American spelling of the word metre. When Australia introduced the metric system in 1975, the first pronunciation was declared official by the government's Metric Conversion Board. However, the Australian prime minister at the time, Gough Whitlam, insisted that the second pronunciation was the correct one because of the Greek origins of the two parts of the word.[9] Equivalence to other units of length
HistoryBy the 8 May 1790 decree, the Constituent assembly ordered the French Academy of Sciences to develop a new measurement system. In August 1793, the French National Convention decreed the metre as the sole length measurement system in the French Republic. The first name of the kilometre was "Millaire". Although the metre was formally defined in 1799, the myriametre ({{val|10000}} metres) was preferred to the "kilometre" for everyday use. The term "myriamètre" appeared a number of times in the text of Develey's book Physique d'Emile: ou, Principes de la science de la nature,[12] (published in 1802), while the term kilometre only appeared in an appendix. French maps published in 1835 had scales showing myriametres and "lieues de Poste" (Postal leagues of about {{val|4288}} metres).[13] The Dutch, on the other hand, adopted the kilometre in 1817 but gave it the local name of the mijl.[14] It was only in 1867 that the term "kilometer" became the only official unit of measure in the Netherlands to represent {{val|1000}} metres.[15] Two German textbooks dated 1842[16][17] and 1848[18] respectively give a snapshot of the use of the kilometre across Europe - the kilometre was in use in the Netherlands and in Italy and the myriametre was in use in France. In 1935, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) officially abolished the prefix "myria-" and with it the "myriametre", leaving the kilometre as the recognised unit of length for measurements of that magnitude.[19] International usageUnited KingdomIn the United Kingdom, road signs show distances in miles[20][21] and location marker posts that are used for reference purposes by road engineers and emergency services show distance references in unspecified units which are kilometre-based.[22] The advent of the mobile phone has been instrumental in the British Department for Transport authorising the use of driver location signs to convey the distance reference information of location marker posts to road users should they need to contact the emergency services. United StatesIn the US, the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 prohibits the use of federal-aid highway funds to convert existing signs or purchase new signs with metric units.[23] The Executive Director of the US Federal Highway Administration, Jeffrey Paniati, wrote in a 2008 memo: "Section 205(c)(2) of the National Highway System (NHS) Designation Act of 1995 prohibited us from requiring any State DOT [Department of Transport] to use the metric system during project development activities. Although the State DOT's had the option of using metric measurements or dual units (metrics/inch-pounds), all of them abandoned metric measurements and reverted to sole use of inch-pound values."[24] The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices since 2000 is published in both metric and American Customary Units. (See also Metrication in the United States.) Kilometre recordsSome sporting disciplines feature {{val|1000|u=m}} (one-kilometre) races in major events (such as the Olympic Games), but in other disciplines, even though world records are catalogued, the one kilometre event remains a minority event. The world records for various sporting disciplines are:
See also
Notes and references1. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/olympic-games/news/article.cfm?c_id=502&objectid=10527688|quote=The race was four laps, and I was just counting down the k's to the end|title=Triathlon: Hewitt bubbling after top 10 finish|last=Walshe|first=Cathy|date=18 August 2008|publisher=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=27 October 2008}} 2. ^{{Cite news|url=http://motoring.iafrica.com/4x4lifestyle/439909.htm|quote=yet less than 10 kays down the road|title=The great north (off) road|last=Kuschke|first=Jazz|date=21 August 2007|publisher=Getaway Magazine via iafrica.com|accessdate=27 October 2008}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.enjoy-darwin.com/roads-to-Darwin.html|quote=Camooweal just over the Queensland border a further 250 k's along the road|title=Traveling the Roads to Darwin|publisher=Enjoy Darwin|accessdate=27 October 2008}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=MARINE CORPS JARGON|url=http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/143/Docs/Onboarding/Marine%20jargon.pdf|website=hqmc.marines.mil|accessdate=3 March 2017}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://usmilitary.about.com/od/theorderlyroom/f/faqklickdef.htm |title=How Far is a "Klick" in the Military? |author=Rod Powers |publisher=About.com |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5oxbexiFj?url=http://usmilitary.about.com/od/theorderlyroom/f/faqklickdef.htm |archivedate=13 April 2010 |accessdate=13 April 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 6. ^{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editors=Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=3-12-539683-2 }} 7. ^{{Cite news| url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article3586220.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Correct pronunciation on the radio | first=Roland | last=White | date=23 March 2008 |accessdate=7 May 2010}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kilometer |title=Kilometer - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-05}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/peeves/Discussions.html |title=damage lessons |publisher=Cimms.ou.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-08-05}} 10. ^One astronomical unit is currently accepted to be equal to {{val|149597870691|30|u=m}}. 11. ^A light-year is equal to {{val|9.4607304725808|e=12|u=km}} the distance light travels through vacuum in one year (365.25 days). 12. ^{{cite book|title = Physique d'Emile: ou, Principes de la science de la nature|volume = 1|first1 = Emmanuel|last1 = Develey|year = 1802|location = Paris|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AFsIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA90 }} 13. ^{{cite map |publisher = Laguillermie et Rambos |title = Map of the department of Hautes Pyrénées |year = 1835 |url = http://www.mereweather.net/hautespyrenees.htm |series = France Pittoresque |language = French |accessdate = 21 September 2012}} 14. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XYVbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title = Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst|author = Jacob de Gelder|location = 's-Gravenhage and Amsterdam|language = Dutch|year = 1824|pages = 155–156|publisher = de Gebroeders van Cleef|trans-title=Introduction to Numeracy|accessdate =2 March 2011}} 15. ^{{Cite news |url = http://resources2.kb.nl/010285000/pdf/DDD_010287511.pdf |newspaper = De Locomotief. Nieuws, handels en Advertentie-blad |page = 2 |date = 12 August 1869 |title = [News from] Nederland |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170227120542/http://resources2.kb.nl/010285000/pdf/DDD_010287511.pdf |archivedate = 27 February 2017 |df = dmy-all}} 16. ^{{cite web|url = http://home.fonline.de/fo0126//geschichte/groessen/mas1.htm|title = Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842|language = German|trans-title=Official units of measure in Europe 1842|postscript = Text version of Malaisé's book|accessdate = 26 March 2011}} 17. ^{{cite book|url = http://home.fonline.de/rs-ebs/geschichte/buch/titel.htm|title = Theoretisch-practischer Unterricht im Rechnen|language = German|trans-title=Theoretical and practical instruction in arithmetic|author = Ferdinand Malaisé|place = München|year = 1842|pages = 307–322|accessdate = 26 March 2011}} 18. ^{{cite book|url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lehrbuch_des_gesammten_Rechnens_f%C3%BCr_die_vierte_Classe_der_Hauptschulen_in_den_k.k._Staaten_(Franz_Mozhnik)|first1 = Franz|last1 = Mozhnik|title = Lehrbuch des gesammten Rechnens für die vierte Classe der Hauptschulen in den k.k. Staaten.|language = German|trans-title=Arithmetic textbook for the fourth class in the [Austrian] Imperial and [Hungarian] Royal states|publisher = Im Verlage der k.k. Schulbücher Verschleiß-Administration|location = Vienna|year = 1848|accessdate = 19 July 2013|at = Das Wegmaß}} 19. ^{{cite book|title = The Basis of Measurement - Volume 2 - Metrication and Current Practice.|first1 = Thomas|last1 = McGreevy|editor1-first = Peter|editor1-last = Cunningham|publisher = Picton|isbn = 0-948251-84-0|year = 1997}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/20023113.htm |title=Statutory Instrument 2002 No. 3113 - The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions |date=16 December 2002 |accessdate=12 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814002439/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si2002/20023113.htm |archivedate=14 August 2007 |df= }} 21. ^{{cite web| url =http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1980L0181:20090527:EN:PDF | author = The Council of the European Communities | title = Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC | date=27 May 2009 |accessdate=12 January 2010}} 22. ^{{cite web| url = https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm091021/text/91021w0002.htm#09102131001754| author = Hansard| title = 21 October 2009 : Column 1446W|accessdate=4 November 2009}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/faq.htm#question17 |title=50th Anniversary of the Interstate Highway System - Frequently Asked Questions |accessdate=12 October 2007 |publisher=US Department of Transport }} 24. ^Update on Metric Use Requirements for FHWA Documents US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 25 November 2008. 25. ^{{cite web|url = http://trackandfield.about.com/od/worldrecords/tp/Men-s-World-Records.htm|title = Men's World Records|publisher = About.com: Track and Field|accessdate=9 November 2011}} 26. ^{{cite web|url = http://trackandfield.about.com/od/worldrecords/tp/Women-s-world-records.htm|title = Women's World Records|publisher = About.com: Track and Field|accessdate=9 November 2011}} 27. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://www.isu.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,4844-181536-198754-94643-0-file,00.pdf |title = Speed Skating: Complete history list of World Records recognized by ISU |date = 1 July 2009 |publisher = International Skating Union |accessdate = 9 November 2011 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120205184935/http://www.isu.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,4844-181536-198754-94643-0-file,00.pdf |archivedate = 5 February 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.uci.ch/templates/UCI/UCI1/layout.asp?MenuId=MTUxMjc&LangId=1 |title=Track Records |publisher=Union Cycliste Internationale |accessdate=9 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126154615/http://www.uci.ch/templates/UCI/UCI1/layout.asp?MenuId=MTUxMjc&LangId=1 |archivedate=26 November 2011 |df= }} External links{{Spoken Wikipedia|kilometre.ogg|2013-06-27}}
3 : Units of length|Orders of magnitude (length)|1000 (number) |
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