| 词条 | Kiranti languages |
| 释义 |
|name=Kiranti |region=Nepal and India (Sikkim and Darjeeling) |ethnicity=Kiranti: Limbu, Yakkha, Sunuwar, Rai |familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |fam2=Mahakiranti ? |child1=Limbu |child2=Eastern |child3=Central |child4=Western |glotto=kira1253 |glottorefname=Kiranti }} The Kiranti languages are a major family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Nepal and India (notably Sikkim and Darjeeling regions) by the Kirati people. External relationshipsThe Kiranti languages are frequently posited to form part of a Mahakiranti family, although specialists are not completely certain of either the existence of a Kiranti subgroup or its precise membership.[1] LaPolla (2003), though, proposes that Kiranti may be part of a larger "Rung" group. LanguagesThere are about two dozen Kiranti languages. The better known are Limbu, Rai, Sunuwar, Bahing, Vayu, Dungmali, Lohorung and Kulung. Overall, they are:
Ethnologue adds Tilung to Western Kiranti, based on Opgenort (2011). Kiranti verbs are not easily segmentable, due in large part to the presence of portmanteau morphemes, crowded affix strings, and extensive (and often nonintuitive) allomorphy. ClassificationOpgenort (2005)[2] classifies the Kiranti languages as follows, and recognizes a basic east-west division within Kiranti.
ReconstructionResearch on proto-Kiranti includes work on phonology and comparative morphology by van Driem,[3] reconstructions by Michailovsky (1991)[4] and Sergei Starostin 1994.[5] Michailovsky and Starostin differ by the number of stop series reconstructed (three vs four) and the interpretation of the correspondences. Opgenort introduces the reconstruction of preglottalized resonants;[6] his reconstruction is generally based on Starostin's four series system. More recently, Jacques proposed reconstruction of proto-Kiranti verb roots in a framework following Michailovsky's system,[7] and analyzes the other initial correspondences (in particular, the series reconstructed as non-aspirated unvoiced stops by Starostin) as due to morphological alternations and inter-Kiranti borrowing. In addition, he presents a preliminary discussion of the reconstruction of stem alternation and stress patterns on the basis of Khaling and Dumi.[8] Notes1. ^Matisoff 2003, pp. 5-6; Thurgood 2003, pp. 15-16; Ebert 2003, pg. 505. 2. ^Opgenort, Jean Robert. Comparative and Etymological Kiranti Database. 3. ^*van Driem, G.. (1990). The Fall and Rise of the Phoneme /r/ in Eastern Kiranti: Sound Change in Tibeto-Burman. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 53(1), 83–86. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/618970 4. ^Michailovsky, Boyd. 1991. Big black notebook of Kiranti, proto-Kiranti forms. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT). 5. ^Starostin, Sergei A. 1994-2000. Proto-Kiranti reconstruction (onlinedatabase). http://starling.rinet.ru/ 6. ^Opgenort, Jean-Robert. 2004. Implosive and preglottalized stops in Kiranti. Linguistics of the Tibeto–Burman Area 27(1). 1–27.Opgenort, Jean-Robert. 2005. A grammar of Jero, with a historical comparativestudy of the Kiranti languages. Leiden: Brill. 7. ^Jacques, Guillaume. 2017. A reconstruction of Proto-Kiranti verb roots. Folia Linguistica Historica 38. 177–215. [https://www.academia.edu/23687297/A_reconstruction_of_Proto-Kiranti_verb_roots] 8. ^Jacques, Guillaume. 2016. Tonogenesis and tonal alternations in Khaling. In Enrique L. Palancar & Jean Léo Léonard (eds.), Tone and Inflection, 41–66. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. [https://www.academia.edu/10516416/Tonogenesis_and_tonal_alternations_in_Khaling] References
External links
1 : Kiranti languages |
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