| 词条 | Kirat Mundhum |
| 释义 |
In addition to ancestor worship, Kiranti people also worship Mother Nature. Religious textsIt has the religious scripture and folk literature of the Kirat people of Nepal and India. All four Kirats (Limbu, Rai, Sunuwar and Yakkha) have slightly different religious texts. Religious texts means the power of great strength Mundhum in the Limbu language,[9] Mewahang rai call it muddum, Yakka as mintum, Sunuwar as mukdum among Kulung rai as ridum and Chamling rai as dum.[10][11][12] It covers many aspects of the Kirat culture, customs and traditions that existed before Vedic period in ancient Indian subcontinent.[13][14][15][16] The religious texts for each tribe consists of customs, habits, rituals, traditions, and myths passed down from the Kirati tribe's ancestors. Religious texts serve, in a way, as customary laws which guide Kirats in their daily lives.[17] Their religious texts also distinguishes each Kiranti tribe from other Kirati and non-Kiratis as well.[17] PracticesKirats practice shamanism and their rituals are mostly related to the worship of mother nature, ancestors, sun, moon, wind, fire and main pillar of house. Almost all sacred rituals, in Rai, are performed by nakchong, the Rai tribal priest. Similarly Limbus have phɛdɑŋmɑ/bɑ, yɛbɑ/mɑ, sɑmbɑ/mɑ to perform rituals accordingly. Their supreme deity Tagera Ningwaphuma: tɑgɛrɑ niŋwɑphumɑ is personified as Yuma Sammang as female and Theba Sammang as male in earthly form. Some Limbus have their own distinct form of worship known as Yuma Sammang is mother of all the Limbus their follower are Yumaism; they venerate a supreme goddess. FestivalsAll four Kirats celebrate some similar and different festivals throughout the year. Some common festivals are Udhauli, Ubhauli and New year Yele Sambat (Maghe Sankranti). Sakela is the main festival of Khambu Kirat [Rai], in this festival, they worship mother nature and their Ancestor's [who is believed to be staying in their Chulla (fireplace build by three stone, each stone has a unique meaning) and garden]. This festival is celebrated twice a year distinguished by two names Ubhauli and Udhauli. Sakela Ubhauli is celebrated during Baisakh Purnima (full moon day, which lies in the month of Baisakh in calendars of the Indian Subcontinent.) and Sakela Udhauli is celebrated during the full moon day in the month of Mangh. In Ubhauli they prey for the goodness of family and good weather for cultivation and in Udhauli they thanks the mother nature and ancestor for their blessing and good harvest. In both Ubhauli and Udhauli they sacrifice a rooster and worship by Ginger, Rice, homemade alcohol, and tree resin (resin is put in the burning coal for fragrance) and conduct a Sakela dance. In this dance, they perform all the daily life activity (example planting rice, harvesting etc.) and also try to copy the behavior of animals and birds which are part of their day to day life. The Limbu Kirat celebrate Udhauli Chasok Tangnam on the day of Mangsir Purnima and Ubhauli (Yokwa Tongnam) in the month of Baisakh. Other Kirats (Yakkha and Sunuwars) also celebrate in their own way. Sakela celebration is the prayer to the Goddess of Nature for good crops and protection from natural calamities. The celebration of Sakela is also known as Chandi Nach Murat. On Chandi Nach, they worship Durga, who is known to them as Chandi, or Chandika.[18] (Worship of Durga among the Himalayan Kiratas is arguably written in the Harivamsha Purana.[19]) Durga Puja is still performed by a few Kirants.[20] Tihar is another festival that was added first in the Veda. It is also known as Deepavali and Lakshmi Puja.[20] See also{{portal|Nepal}}
References1. ^final layout pdf.p65 2. ^p. 56 Kiratese at a Glance By Gopal Man Tandukar 3. ^p. xxv A Grammar of Limbu By Geordefine sungge van Driem 4. ^Problems of Modern Indian Literature by Statistical Pub. Society: distributor, K. P. Bagchi 5. ^p. 323 Kiratas in Ancient India By G. P. Singh, Dhaneswar Kalita, V Sudarsen, M A Kalam 6. ^"History and Culture of the Kirat" by I.S.Chemjong 7. ^p. 535 Nepal By Tom Woodhatch 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-11-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418000000/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |archivedate=2013-04-18 |df= }} 9. ^Schools as Zones of Peace in Nepal By Isabelle Duquesne LIT Verlag Münster, 12 Jan 2016 10. ^Page 45 Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society By S. N. Ratha, Georg Pfeffer, Deepak Kumar Behera, 1997 11. ^P.6 European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, Issues 17-19 By Südasien Institut, 1999 12. ^{{cite book| last=Hardman | first=Charlotte E. |date=December 2000 | title=Other Worlds: Notions of Self and Emotion among the Lohorung Rai | editor=John Gledhill |editor2=Barbara Bender |editor3=Bruce Kapferer (eds.) | publisher=Berg Publishers | isbn=978-1-85973-150-5 | pages=104–}} 13. ^{{cite book| author= Dor Bahadur Bista | title=Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization | pages= 15–17| year=1991 | publisher=Orient Longman | isbn=81-250-0188-3}} 14. ^{{cite book| last=Cemjoṅga | first=Īmāna Siṃha | title=History and Culture of the Kirat People | pages= 2–7| year=2003 | publisher=Kirat Yakthung Chumlung | isbn=99933-809-1-1}} 15. ^Cultures & people of Darjeeling 16. ^{{cite book| last=Gurung | first=Harka B. | title=Trident and Thunderbolt: Cultural Dynamics in Nepalese Politics | year=2003 | location=Nepal | publisher=Social Science Baha | isbn=99933-43-44-7 | oclc=57068666 | url=http://www.himalassociation.org/baha/Trident-and-Thunderbolt.pdf|format=PDF}} 17. ^1 p. 65 Culture, Creation, and Procreation By Monika Böck, Aparna Rao 18. ^p. 76 Kiratas in Ancient India By G. P. Singh, Dhaneswar Kalita, V Sudarsen, M A Kalam 19. ^p. 195 Ancient Communities of the Himalaya By Dinesh Prasad Saklani 20. ^1 p. 108 Politics of Culture: A study of three Kirata communities in the Eastern Himalayas by T.B. Subba External links
4 : Asian shamanism|Religion in Nepal|Religious texts|Kiranti |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。