| 词条 | Kirkwood Formation |
| 释义 |
| name = Kirkwood Formation | image = | caption = | type = Geological formation | age = Berriasian-Hauterivian ~{{fossilrange|140|125}} | period = Berriasian | prilithology = Sandstone, claystone | otherlithology = Mudstone, siltstone | namedfor = Kirkwood, Eastern Cape | namedby = | region = Western & Eastern Cape | country = {{flag|South Africa}} | coordinates = {{coord|33.4|S|25.5|E|display=inline,title}} | paleocoordinates = {{coord|45.0|S|11.5|W|display=inline}} | unitof = Uitenhage Group | subunits = Swartkops Member, Colchester Member, Bethelsdorp Member, Wood beds | underlies = Sundays River Formation, Buffelskloof Formation | overlies = Enon Formation | thickness = up to {{convert|2210|m|ft|abbr=on}} | extent = | area = | map = Uitenhage Group Algoa Gamtoos map.png | map_caption = Map showing extent of the Kirkwood Formation (green) in the Algoa and Gamtoos Basins }} The Kirkwood Formation is a geological formation found in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces in South Africa. It is one of the four formations found within the Uitenhage Group of the Algoa Basin - its type locality - and in the neighbouring Gamtoos Basin. Outcrops of the Kirkwood are also found along the Worcester-Pletmos, Herbertsdale-Riversdale, Heidelberg-Mossel Bay, and Oudtshoorn-Gamtoos basin lines.[1][2] At these basins the Kirkwood Formation underlies the Buffelskloof Formation and not the Sundays River Formation.[3] GeologyThe Kirwood Formation was formed along the southern section of South Africa during the break up of Gondwana. Dating it has proven tricky, with some regarding it as a Late Jurassic (~145 Ma).[4][5] or Early Cretaceous deposit (~135 Ma).[6][7][8] However, dating the Kirkwood's abundant volcanic ash layers by U-Pb methods is currently underway. The Kirkwood Formation is composed of sedimentary rocks deposited under fluvial conditions at or near sea level, such as variegated mudstone (an iconic feature), medium-grained lithic sandstone (often being charcoal-rich), and sporadic conglomerates. At its base, the Kirkwood Formation includes a significant deposit of fine-to-medium grained, poorly-sorted (often quartzitic) estuarine sandstone with subordinate dark grey to brow shale layers. This deposit was described as the Swartkops Member. The lower portion of the remainder of the Formation is composed predominantly of siltstones, but includes a smaller sandstone layer (described as part of the Bethelsdorp Member). The upper portion of the Formation is composed predominantly of fine, clay-rich mudstones, with multiple smaller layers of estuarine sandstone.[9][10] The Kirkwood is the second formation of the Uitenhage Group, positioned between the overlying Sundays River Formation and the underlying Enon Formation. Only three geological members have been described within it: the Swartkops Member which contains estuarine sandstone deposits and lacks fossils. The Colchester Member is the most fossil-rich containing terrestrial and lacustrine fossils and is composed of dark grey shale, siltstones and sandstones. The third, the Bethelsdorp Member, resembles the Colchester in containing dark-grey shales and sandstone, and contains marine microfossils.[11] The upper section of the member is overlain by mudstone and siltstone.[12] PaleontologyThe Kirkwood Formation is the most fossil-rich formation of Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous age known in South Africa. It has yielded disarticulated remains of theropod and ornithopod dinosaurs, and several sauropod species in which the Kirkwood is particularly rich.[13] These species include undetermined Diplodocinae, Brachiosauridae, and Eusauropoda. One of the first sauropod species discovered in the Kirkwood was Algoasaurus.[14] A partial skull and teeth of a stegosaur, Paranthodon, has also been discovered.[15] Mesozoic-aged amber has also been recovered from the Kirkwood.[16] The most well-known find from the Kirkwood is Nqwebasaurus, a basal ornithomimosaur.[17] Fragmentary remains of various reptile,[18] frog, insect, and mammal fossils have also been found,including fish scales and freshwater bivalves.[19] In addition several plant species such as bryophytes, ferns, conifers, cycads, and bennettitaleans have been discovered, including silicified fossil tree trunks in the sandstone sections which show evidence of being burned.[20][21] References{{Portal|Geology|Paleontology|Dinosaurs|Cretaceous|Prehistory of Africa}}1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Shone|first=R.W.|date=2006-01-01|title=Onshore post-Karoo Mesozoic deposits|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284594629_Onshore_post-Karoo_Mesozoic_deposits|journal=The Geology of South Africa|pages=541–552}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Muir|first=R.A.|last2=Bordy|first2=E.M.|last3=Reddering|first3=J.S.V.|last4=Viljoen|first4=J.H.A.|date=2017-06-01|title=Lithostratigraphy of the Kirkwood Formation (Uitenhage Group), including the Bethelsdorp, Colchester and Swartkops Members, South Africa|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gssa/sajg/article-abstract/120/2/281/521294/lithostratigraphy-of-the-kirkwood-formation?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=South African Journal of Geology|language=en|volume=120|issue=2|doi=10.25131/gssajg.120.2.281|issn=1012-0750}} 3. ^John Pether (April 2014) Extension of quarrying on Portion 12 of Farm Hartenbosch 217 (Maandagskop Crusher), Mossel Bay, Western Cape. Brief Palaeontological Assessment (Desktop Study). Link:http://www.phsconsulting.co.za/uploads/7593872PIA%20Brief%20Maandagskop.pdf 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=McLachlan|first=I.R.|last2=McMillan|first2=I.K.|date=1979-01-01|title=Microfaunal biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and history of Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits on the coastal margin of South Africa.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280824976_Microfaunal_biostratigraphy_chronostratigraphy_and_history_of_Mesozoic_and_Cenozoic_deposits_on_the_coastal_margin_of_South_Africa|journal=Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publication|volume=6|pages=161–181}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Brenner|first=P.W. McLachlan, I.R., McMillan, I.K. &|date=1976-09-01|title=Micropalaeontological study of the Cretaceous beds at Mbotyi and Mngazana, Transkei, South Africa|url=https://journals.co.za/content/sajg/79/3/AJA10120750_2825|journal=South African Journal of Geology|language=en|volume=79|issue=3|issn=1012-0750}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|date=1997-01-01|title=Chapter 13 Late Mesozoic Sedimentary Basins Off the South Coast of South Africa|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874599797800160|journal=Sedimentary Basins of the World|language=en|volume=3|pages=319–376|doi=10.1016/S1874-5997(97)80016-0|issn=1874-5997}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Gomez|first=Bernard|last2=Bamford|first2=Marion|last3=Delclòs|first3=Xavier|date=2002-03-01|title=Lower Cretaceous plant cuticles and amber (Kirkwood Formation, South Africa)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235355687_Lower_Cretaceous_plant_cuticles_and_amber_Kirkwood_Formation_South_Africa|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|volume=1|pages=83–87|doi=10.1016/S1631-0683(02)00014-3}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=W. McPhee|first=Blair|last2=Mannion|first2=Philip|last3=De Klerk|first3=William|last4=Choiniere|first4=Jonah|date=2016-04-01|title=High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285386536_High_diversity_in_the_sauropod_dinosaur_fauna_of_the_Lower_Cretaceous_Kirkwood_Formation_of_South_Africa_Implications_for_the_Jurassic-Cretaceous_transition|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=59|pages=228–248|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2015.11.006}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Muir|first=R.A.|last2=Bordy|first2=E.M.|last3=Reddering|first3=J.S.V.|last4=Viljoen|first4=J.H.A.|date=2017-06-01|title=Lithostratigraphy of the Kirkwood Formation (Uitenhage Group), including the Bethelsdorp, Colchester and Swartkops Members, South Africa|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gssa/sajg/article-abstract/120/2/281/521294/lithostratigraphy-of-the-kirkwood-formation?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=South African Journal of Geology|language=en|volume=120|issue=2|doi=10.25131/gssajg.120.2.281|issn=1012-0750}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Rich|first=Tom|last2=Molnar|first2=R.E.|last3=Vickers Rich|first3=Patricia|date=1983-01-01|title=Fossil vertebrates from the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation, Algoa Basin, southern Africa.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291859449_Fossil_vertebrates_from_the_Late_Jurassic_or_Early_Cretaceous_Kirkwood_Formation_Algoa_Basin_southern_Africa|volume=86|pages=281–291}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Muir|first=R.A.|last2=Bordy|first2=E.M.|last3=Reddering|first3=J.S.V.|last4=Viljoen|first4=J.H.A.|date=2017-06-01|title=Lithostratigraphy of the Kirkwood Formation (Uitenhage Group), including the Bethelsdorp, Colchester and Swartkops Members, South Africa|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gssa/sajg/article-abstract/120/2/281/521294/lithostratigraphy-of-the-kirkwood-formation?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=South African Journal of Geology|language=en|volume=120|issue=2|doi=10.25131/gssajg.120.2.281|issn=1012-0750}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=A. Fcrster|first=C|last2=Frost|first2=S|last3=Ross|first3=Callum|date=1995-01-01|title=NEW DINOSAUR MATERIAL AND PALEOENVIRONMENT OF THE EARLY CRETACEOUS KIRKWOOD FORMATION, ALGOA BASIN, SOUTH AFRICA|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295369795_NEW_DINOSAUR_MATERIAL_AND_PALEOENVIRONMENT_OF_THE_EARLY_CRETACEOUS_KIRKWOOD_FORMATION_ALGOA_BASIN_SOUTH_AFRICA|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=15|pages=29A–29A}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|last=W. McPhee|first=Blair|last2=Mannion|first2=Philip|last3=De Klerk|first3=William|last4=Choiniere|first4=Jonah|date=2016-04-01|title=High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285386536_High_diversity_in_the_sauropod_dinosaur_fauna_of_the_Lower_Cretaceous_Kirkwood_Formation_of_South_Africa_Implications_for_the_Jurassic-Cretaceous_transition|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=59|pages=228–248|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2015.11.006}} 14. ^"Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 270 15. ^"Table 16.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 345 16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Gomez|first=Bernard|last2=Bamford|first2=Marion|last3=Delclòs|first3=Xavier|date=2002-03-01|title=Lower Cretaceous plant cuticles and amber (Kirkwood Formation, South Africa)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235355687_Lower_Cretaceous_plant_cuticles_and_amber_Kirkwood_Formation_South_Africa|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|volume=1|pages=83–87|doi=10.1016/S1631-0683(02)00014-3}} 17. ^{{Cite journal|last=De Klerk|first=William|last2=Forster|first2=Catherine|last3=Sampson|first3=Scott|last4=Chinsamy-Turan|first4=Anusuya|last5=Ross|first5=Callum|date=2000-06-27|title=A new coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of South Africa|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233184192_A_new_coelurosaurian_dinosaur_from_the_Early_Cretaceous_of_South_Africa|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=20|pages=324–332|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0324:ANCDFT]2.0.CO;2}} 18. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ross|first=Callum|last2=Sues|first2=Hans-Dieter|last3=De Klerk|first3=William|date=1999-03-15|title=Lepidosaurian remains from the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241731004_Lepidosaurian_remains_from_the_Lower_Cretaceous_Kirkwood_Formation_of_South_Africa|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology - J VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL|volume=19|pages=21–27|doi=10.1080/02724634.1999.10011119}} 19. ^{{Cite journal|last=Muir|first=R.A.|last2=Bordy|first2=E.M.|last3=Reddering|first3=J.S.V.|last4=Viljoen|first4=J.H.A.|date=2017-06-01|title=Lithostratigraphy of the Kirkwood Formation (Uitenhage Group), including the Bethelsdorp, Colchester and Swartkops Members, South Africa|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gssa/sajg/article-abstract/120/2/281/521294/lithostratigraphy-of-the-kirkwood-formation?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=South African Journal of Geology|language=en|volume=120|issue=2|doi=10.25131/gssajg.120.2.281|issn=1012-0750}} 20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bamford|first=Marion|date=1986-01-01|title=Aspects of the palaeoflora of the Kirkwood and Sundays River Formations, Algoa Basin, South Africa|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/35640573_Aspects_of_the_palaeoflora_of_the_Kirkwood_and_Sundays_River_Formations_Algoa_Basin_South_Africa}} 21. ^{{Cite journal|date=2015-09-01|title=Lower Cretaceous deposit reveals first evidence of a post-wildfire debris flow in the Kirkwood Formation, Algoa Basin, Eastern Cape, South Africa|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019566711500052X|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=56|pages=161–179|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2015.04.005|issn=0195-6671}} 12 : Geologic formations of South Africa|Cretaceous System of Africa|Cretaceous South Africa|Early Cretaceous Africa|Berriasian Stage|Hauterivian Stage|Valanginian Stage|Sandstone formations|Shale formations|Mudstone formations|Siltstone formations|Fluvial deposits |
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