| 词条 | Kleinfontein |
| 释义 |
| name = Kleinfontein | motto = Ons God, Ons Volk, Ons Land[1] | pushpin_map = South Africa Gauteng#South Africa | coordinates = {{coord|25.832|S|28.501|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = South Africa | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Gauteng | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_type3 = Municipality | subdivision_name3 = City of Tshwane | subdivision_type4 = Main Place | established_title = Established | established_date = 1992 | leader_title = Councillor | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 8.6 | population_footnotes = [2] | population_total = 650 | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_title1 = Black African | demographics1_info1 = | demographics1_title2 = Coloured | demographics1_info2 = | demographics1_title3 = Indian/Asian | demographics1_info3 = | demographics1_title4 = White | demographics1_info4 = | demographics1_title5 = Other | demographics1_info5 = | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = | demographics2_title2 = | demographics2_info2 = | demographics2_title3 = | demographics2_info3 = | demographics2_title4 = | demographics2_info4 = | demographics2_title5 = | demographics2_info5 = | timezone1 = SAST | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = Postal code (street) | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = PO box | postal2_code = | area_code_type = Area code | website = http://www.kleinfontein.net/ }}Kleinfontein (Afrikaans for Small Fountain) is a new settlement near Pretoria, South Africa that was founded by Afrikaners in 1992 as a cultural village. It has only recently been developed and has a limited economy. It was founded by descendants of the original Voortrekkers or Boers, who seek self-determination in an autonomous Volkstaat.[3] The criteria to live in Kleinfontein are based on cultural, linguistic, traditional and religious beliefs and its people associate themselves with the Voortrekker history, the Blood River Covenant and other "historical facts relating to our struggle for independence for the Afrikaner people".[4]{{As of|2012}}, it was one of South Africa's few remaining whites-only settlements.[5] The settlement has been recognised as a cultural community by the Gauteng Legislature.[6] History{{Refimprove section|date=July 2013}}The land which would become Kleinfontein came to the attention of Afrikaner activists in 1988 during a celebration of the 150th anniversary of the Great Trek on a farm east of Pretoria. The farm drew their attention as a location of the Bittereinders and site of the Battle of Diamond Hill, as well as holding a historic Boer War cemetery and memorial.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} When the farm was put up for sale in 1992, a group of 50 Afrikaners purchased the property,[7] and began to recruit shareholders to develop it. In 1994, sufficient shareholders were recruited to service the loan and Kleinfontein could begin to provide services. The first two permanent houses were completed in 1996, and the first two families became permanent residents of Kleinfontein. In the ensuing years, Radio Pretoria erected its broadcasting tower on Kleinfontein, sports fields were built, a homegrown school was established and a savings and credit cooperative had emerged. A community hall, care center and retirement homes followed as well as a shopping center with an ATM. The entrance to the town displays a bust of Hendrik Verwoerd,[8] the "father of apartheid"; the community obtained the bust from a neighbouring town which no longer wanted it.[7] {{as of|2013}}, the population of Kleinfontein is about 900 Afrikaners during the day, of which about 650 are residents and about 400 are shareholders. Kleinfontein's area has grown from the original 500 hectares to the current 860 hectares, and stretches just off the N4 highway beyond the Boschkop road.[2]As of November 2013, the Gauteng legislature recognised Kleinfontein as a cultural community.[9][10] The City of Pretoria still refused to declare it a separate development or a formal township, although there is an ongoing process for Kleinfontein to become a separate recognised entity within the City of Pretoria. Following the legislature's investigation into Kleinfontein, there were 450 shareholders and 1,000 residents, living in around 300 homes.[9] Article 185 of the South African Constitution allows citizens of a similar cultural, linguistic, or religious group to associate with each other. The settlement consists of a single, undivided property. The ownership of individual residents is by internal agreement alone, as no legal arrangements have been made.[11] Van Wyk (2014) reports that two categories of inhabitants can be distinguished: older, retired people and younger middle-class professionals. Owing to disagreements between the groups on which direction the community should take, the community became paralyzed by conflict, bringing growth to a standstill. [11] CriticismKleinfontein has been criticised for its policy of barring all Jews, Catholics, Asians, non-Afrikaans speakers, and Blacks from settling in the community. Protests were held in May 2013 when the community denied the application of a black man to buy a home in the community.[8][12][13] The community has also been criticised by the South African government for engaging in practices that once led to a "divided South Africa."[14] Residents of the community defend their practice by saying that they are defending their own separate cultural identity.[15][16] Some residents of the community have also objected to the "restricted" nature of the community which prevents them from selling their home to the buyer of their choice.[17] GeographyThe town is located roughly halfway between Pretoria and Bronkhorstspruit. It lies just south of the N4, just west of the R515, a few kilometers south of Rayton, on the Magaliesberg mountain range at the historical terrain where the Battle of Diamond Hill ({{lang-af|die slag van Donkerhoek}}) took place during the Second Boer War. See also
References1. ^Official site {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027093605/http://www.kleinfontein.net/ |date=2005-10-27 }} 2. ^1 Ontstaan en Geskiedenis {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230155020/http://www.kleinfontein.net/geskiedenis.aspx |date=2010-12-30 }}, Official site 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kleinfontein.net/index3.htm|title= Kleinfontein vir die Boer en Afrikaner, Selfdetermination, Independence, Official web site|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316001225/http://www.kleinfontein.net/index3.htm|archivedate=March 16, 2009|deadurl=y}} {{af icon}}. 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Kleinfontein-segregation-not-about-race-20130523|title=Kleinfontein segregation not about race|publisher=News24|date=May 23, 2013|accessdate=2013-05-23|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607095325/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Kleinfontein-segregation-not-about-race-20130523|archivedate=June 7, 2013|df=}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/politics/2012/11/14/gauteng-to-launch-inquiry-into-whites-only-kleinfontein-cultural-village|title=Gauteng to launch inquiry into whites-only Kleinfontein ‘cultural village’|author=Trevor Neethling|publisher=Business Day|date=November 14, 2012|accessdate=2013-03-30|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129054353/http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/politics/2012/11/14/gauteng-to-launch-inquiry-into-whites-only-kleinfontein-cultural-village|archivedate=January 29, 2013|df=}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Kleinfontein settlement recognised as cultural community - FF+|url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=461494&sn=Detail&pid=71616|publisher=Politicsweb|accessdate=14 December 2013}} 7. ^1 {{cite news|last=Raghavan|first=Sudarsan|title=Welcome to Kleinfontein, lingering outpost of apartheid South Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/30/south-africa-kleinfontein-apartheid-afrikaner|accessdate=4 August 2013|newspaper=Guardian Weekly|date=30 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731021950/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/30/south-africa-kleinfontein-apartheid-afrikaner|archivedate=31 July 2013|df=}} 8. ^1 {{cite news|last=Bruton|first=F. Brinley|title=All-white town fights to preserve segregation in Mandela's 'Rainbow Nation'|url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/20/19039961-all-white-town-fights-to-preserve-segregation-in-mandelas-rainbow-nation?lite|accessdate=4 August 2013|newspaper=World News NBC|date=20 June 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806185306/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/20/19039961-all-white-town-fights-to-preserve-segregation-in-mandelas-rainbow-nation?lite|archivedate=6 August 2013|df=}} 9. ^1 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125115306/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/whites-only-enclave-gains-status-1.1610717 |date=2013-11-25 }} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=461494&sn=Detail&pid=71654 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-11-28 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203060508/http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=461494&sn=Detail&pid=71654 |archivedate=2013-12-03 |df= }} 11. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Van Wyk|first1=Johannes Stephanus|title=Buying into Kleinfontein: the Financial Implications of Afrikaner Self-Determination|url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/46119/VanWyk_Buying_2015.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=University of Pretoria|accessdate=31 January 2018|page=iv|date=2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815140259/http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/46119/VanWyk_Buying_2015.pdf?sequence=1|archivedate=15 August 2017|df=}} 12. ^Protest over reported Kleinfontein racism | News24 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607080716/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Protest-over-reported-Kleinfontein-racism-20130522 |date=2013-06-07 }} 13. ^{{cite news|last=Ntuli|first=Mbali|title=DA Youth to protest Kleinfontein racism|url=http://www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action=view-news-item&id=12306|accessdate=4 August 2013|newspaper=Democratic Alliance|date=22 May 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://swap.stanford.edu/20130605191636/http%3A//www.da.org.za/newsroom.htm?action%3Dview%2Dnews%2Ditem%26id%3D12306|archivedate=5 June 2013|df=}} 14. ^Government shocked by racist Kleinfontein - Politics | IOL News | IOL.co.za {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607174512/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/goverment-shocked-by-racist-kleinfontein-1.1520126 |date=2013-06-07 }} 15. ^Kleinfontein: Pretoria’s own Orania - Gauteng | IOL News | IOL.co.za {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703160622/http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/kleinfontein-pretoria-s-own-orania-1.1519319 |date=2013-07-03 }} 16. ^Kleinfontein segregation not about race | News24 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607095325/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Kleinfontein-segregation-not-about-race-20130523 |date=2013-06-07 }} 17. ^This is Kleinfontein - White couple not Afrikaner enough for racist settlement near Pretoria - SundayWorld {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626004107/http://www.sundayworld.co.za/news/2013/05/12/this-is-kleinfontein---white-couple-not-afrikaner-enough-for-racist-settlement-near-pretoria |date=2013-06-26 }} External links
3 : Populated places founded by Afrikaners|Populated places in the City of Tshwane|Intentional communities in South Africa |
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