“King Ghidorah”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Although King Ghidorah's design has remained largely consistent throughout its appearances (an armless, bipedal, golden-scaled, bat-winged dragon with three heads and two tails), its origin story has varied from being an extraterrestrial planet-killing dragon,{{sfn|Ryfle|1998|p=115}} a genetically engineered monster from the future,{{sfn|Ryfle|1998|p=267}} or a guardian monster of ancient Japan.{{sfn|Solomon|2017|p=193}} The character is usually portrayed as an archenemy of Godzilla and a foe of Mothra,{{sfn|Solomon|2017|p=282}} though it has had one appearance as an ally of the latter.{{sfn|Solomon|2017|p=193}}

Despite rumors that Ghidorah was meant to represent the threat posed by China, which had at the time of the character's creation just developed nuclear weapons,{{sfn|Jess-Cooke|2012|p=38}} director Ishirō Honda denied the connection and stated that Ghidorah was simply a modern take on the dragon Yamata no Orochi.^[6]{{Unreliable source?|sure=yes|reason=Source is a fansite.|date=March 2019}}

Overview

Development

The initial idea for Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster came from Tomoyuki Tanaka, who also created Godzilla. Tanaka's inspiration came from an illustration of the Lernaean Hydra in a book about Greek Mythology, and Orochi of Japanese folklore. Tanaka was enamored with the idea of Godzilla fighting a multi-headed serpent, but considered seven or eight heads to be too excessive, and thus the number of heads was reduced to three.^[7] The final version was an armless three-headed dragon with large wings, two tails and of extraterrestrial origin.^[13]

King Ghidorah's name is composed of "King" {{Nihongo|キング|Kingu}} and "Ghidorah." The "Ghidorah" part of King Ghidorah's name comes from the Japanese word for "hydra" {{Nihongo|ヒドラ|Hidora}}, which is spelled very similarly to the Japanese katakana for Ghidorah. The addition of "King" to his name may have been influenced by King Dragon {{Nihongo|キング・ドラゴン|Kingu Doragon}}, the name given to Zmey Gorynych, upon which King Ghidorah's design was based, in the Japanese version of the Soviet film Ilya Muromets. Toho also drew inspiration from the three-headed dragon Zmey Gorynych from the 1956 Soviet film Ilya Muromets, which had been distributed theatrically in Japan by Shintoho in March 1959.^[8]^[9] Other sources of inspiration included mythological creatures such as the hydra, unicorn, pegasus, and qilin.^[10]

Shōwa era (1964–1973)

In its debut film, Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster, Ghidorah is portrayed as an ancient extraterrestrial entity responsible for the destruction of the Venusian civilization, five thousand years before the film's events. Its attempt to destroy Earth is thwarted by the combined efforts of Godzilla, Rodan and Mothra.^[11]

Subsequent Shōwa era films would portray Ghidorah as the pawn of various alien races seeking to subjugate Earth.^[12]^[13]^[14] King Ghidorah also appears in the fifth and sixth episodes of the television series Zone Fighter, where it is revealed that it is a creation of the Garoga aliens.^[15]^[16]

Screenwriter Shinichi Sekizawa insisted that the Ghidorah suit be fabricated using light-weight silicone-based materials in order to grant the wearer greater mobility.{{sfn|Kalat|2010|p=77}}{{sfn|Kalat|2010|p=78}} The final Ghidorah design was constructed by special effects artist Teizo Toshimitsu,^[17] who had initially painted it green in order to further differentiate it from Godzilla, Rodan and Mothra, but changed it to gold on the insistence of Eiji Tsuburaya, after his assistant noted that being a creature from Venus, the "gold planet", Ghidorah should be that color.^[7]

The monster suit itself was built by Akira Watanabe, and worn by Shoichi Hirose.{{sfn|Ryfle|1998|p=116}} Hirose walked hunched over inside the Ghidorah costume, holding a metal bar for balance, while puppeteers would control its heads, tails and wings off-camera like a marionette.^[18] The monster's heads were each fitted with remotely controlled motors, which were connected to operators via a wire extending from the suit's backside.^[17]

Performing as Ghidorah proved challenging to Hirose, as he had to time his movements in a way that would not conflict with the separately operated heads and wings, as doing so would have resulted in the overhead wires tangling.{{sfn|Kalat|2010|p=77}}{{sfn|Kalat|2010|p=78}} Because of the suit's weight, it frequently snapped the overhead wires supporting it.^[17] Special effects were added as the creature is capable emitting destructive, lightning-like "gravity beams" from its mouths and generating hurricane-force winds from its wings.^[19]

Despite King Ghidorah's central role in the film's plot, the character was given little screen time, as Hirose had fallen out with special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya, who never forgave Hirose for accepting a Hollywood deal, and subsequently he hired Susumu Utsumi to play King Ghidorah after Invasion of Astro-Monster.{{sfn|Kalat|2010|p=77}}{{sfn|Kalat|2010|p=78}} In that film, King Ghidorah was given a darker shade of gold, and its movements both on land and in the air were more fluid than during Ghidorah the Three-Headed Monster, as the special effects crew had at that point learned from the shortcomings of the previous film's depiction of the creature.{{sfn|Ryfle|1998|p=124}}

Heisei era (1991–1998)

In Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991), the creature is re-envisioned as a trio of diminutive genetically engineered creatures called "Dorats" owned by a group of humans from the 23rd century known as the Equal Environment Earth Union, a group dedicated to equalizing the power of Earth's nations. Seeking to stop Japan's global economic dominance in their timeline by transforming the Dorats into King Ghidorah through nuclear exposure, the Earth Unionists plant the Dorats on Lagos Island during the 1954 H-bomb tests there. Prior to doing so, they remove the dinosaur that would ultimately become Godzilla from the island, so that King Ghidorah would be able to attack Japan without opposition. In 1992, the Earth Unionists unleash Ghidorah onto Japan, but he is defeated by a recreated Godzilla. The wounded King Ghidorah lies dormant under the sea for two centuries before being outfitted with robotic parts by a disillusioned Earth Unionist and sent back to 1992 as Mecha-King Ghidorah in order to stop Godzilla's rampage.^[20]

The character's ruffs of hairs surrounding its heads were replaced with horns, as it proved difficult for the special effects team to superimpose the individual strands of hair onto footage of people escaping the monster.^[21]{{Unreliable source?|sure=yes|reason=Source is a fansite.|date=March 2019}} Special effects director Koichi Kawakita had originally planned on having each of Ghidorah's heads fire differently colored beams, but this was ultimately scrapped in favor of the classic yellow color.^[22]{{Unreliable source?|sure=yes|reason=Source is a fansite.|date=March 2019}} This version of King Ghidorah was portrayed by Hurricane Ryu.{{sfn|Ryfle|1998|p=364}}

In Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (1993), Mecha-King Ghidorah's robotic middle head is salvaged by the United Nations Godzilla Countermeasures Center (UNGCC) and reverse engineered to create Mechagodzilla.^[23]

In Rebirth of Mothra III (1998), King Ghidorah is depicted as an extraterrestrial that landed on earth during the Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic Era and wiped out the dinosaurs by draining them of their life energies. Ghidorah left Earth and returns in modern times to feed on human children. Mothra Leo fails to defeat the monster and travels back to the Cretaceous in order to kill Ghidorah retroactively. Leo defeats the younger Ghidorah, but the monster's severed tail allows it to regenerate back into its adult form in modern times. Leo finally kills the monster by transforming into a new form: "Armor Mothra".^[24] This version of King Ghidorah was portrayed by Tsutomu Kitagawa.{{sfn|Solomon|2017|p=102}}

Millennium era (2001)

In Giant Monsters All-Out Attack, Ghidorah is portrayed as having been one of the three Guardians of Yamato, originating 1,000 years before the events of the film. Initially an antagonist, Ghidorah was imprisoned in Mount Fuji, only to be reawakened in 2001 to halt Godzilla's destruction of Tokyo. Ghidorah is defeated, but then revived and empowered by ally Mothra.^[25]

Director Shūsuke Kaneko had originally planned on using Varan as Godzilla's principal antagonist, but was pressured by Toho chairman Isao Matsuoka to use the more recognizable and profitable King Ghidorah,^[26] as the previous film in the franchise, Godzilla vs. Megaguirus, which featured an original and unfamiliar antagonist, was a box office and critical failure. In order to emphasize Ghidorah's heroic role in the movie, the creature's size was greatly reduced, and was portrayed by Akira Ohashi, who moved the creature's heads as hand puppets.{{sfn|Kalat|2010|p=240}}{{sfn|Kalat|2010|p=241}}

Anime trilogy (2018)

Ghidorah is referenced by Metphies in a post-credits scene for City on the Edge of Battle.{{sfn|Shizuno|Seshita|2018|loc=1:40:05}} Ghidorah was confirmed to be featured in The Planet Eater.^[27] The anime incarnation of Ghidorah is markedly different from his original portrayal, having evolved to the point of discarding his physical body in favor of a form of pure astral energy with two tails, two wings, and three necks that reach at least 20 kilometers in length, stretching out of three black hole-like portals to devour planets sacrificed to him by the Exif cult with his gravitational powers while his torso remaining within an alternate dimension.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

In the anime, Ghidorah is the deity worshipped by the Exif under the titles of "Wings of Death", "Golden Demise", and "God of Destruction". He is summoned to Earth by Metphies and his cult in order to destroy Godzilla and devour Earth just as how they fed him other planets they visited and converted to the Exif faith. Virtually invincible due to his defiance of physics, it is only when his link to this universe (in this case, Metphies) is broken that he can be affected by conventional physical laws, allowing Godzilla to disperse, defeat, and effectively banish him back to his realm of reality for the time being.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

MonsterVerse (2019)

In 2014, Legendary Pictures announced their acquisition of the licenses to Rodan, Mothra and King Ghidorah from Toho to use in their MonsterVerse franchise.^[28] The trio were introduced in Skull Island in a post-credits scene depicting cave paintings of all three monsters, including Godzilla.^[38]

In June 2017, a press release confirmed that Rodan, Mothra, and King Ghidorah will be featured in Godzilla: King of the Monsters.^[29] In April 2018, Jason Liles, Alan Maxson, and Richard Dorton were cast to provide the motion capture performances for the heads of King Ghidorah, with Liles performing the middle head, Maxson performing the right head, and Dorton performing the left head. Other actors will perform the body.^[30]^[31] This version of Ghidorah stands 521 ft (158.8 m) tall and is referred to as "Monster Zero" by the organization Monarch. According to Monarch's database, ancient civilizations called the monster "Ghidorah".^[42]

Abilities

Throughout the creature's appearances, the only consistent abilities are flight and the capacity to fire "gravity beams" from its mouths. In Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster, the first incarnation is shown travelling through space within a meteor capable of generating magnetic fields.^[11] Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah features a robotic version—Mecha-King Ghidorah—equipped with grappling cables and a mechanical arm that can discharge electricity and is capable of lifting Godzilla.^[20]

In Rebirth of Mothra III, King Ghidorah gains energy from eating victims and can construct a dome to house its victims for future consumption. It is also portrayed as capable of firing lightning bolts from its wings and regenerating its entire body from severed body parts.^[24] Giant Monsters All-Out Attack features a version that can electrocute enemies via its teeth and can gain power by absorbing the spirits of dead monsters, allowing it to form an energy shield capable of deflecting Godzilla's atomic heat beam.^[25]

In The Planet Eater, the third part of an animated trilogy, Ghidorah is depicted as an evolved entity from a universe with different physical laws that is worshiped by the Exif, whom the kaiju influenced to become nihilists upon mastering advanced Gematron mathematics. While Ghidorah consumed the Exifs' home world, their first offering to him, through his gravitational powers, a few priests were spared and traveled to other worlds where they established cults while meeting the conditions for Ghidorah to physically manifest as a shadow to consume sacrificial offering through their shadows before his heads finally emerge through black holes, his necks extending to infinite lengths, nigh-invisible to machines save for the gravitational energy he emanates, strong enough to deflect Godzilla's heat ray or actually bend space. As long as someone native to the dimension he invades acts as his guiding anchor and witness, Ghidorah can defy that universe's physics, able to render himself intangible to enemy attacks whilst still capable of assaulting foes normally. He can even distort space-time and erode reality, nearly succeeding in "erasing" Godzilla from existence. When defeated, Ghidorah is simply banished back to his dimension to await his next chance to feast.

In Godzilla: King of the Monsters, Ghidorah has a divergent frontal lobe density in each of its heads, rendering each head capable of independent thoughts. Its scales are capable of running bioelectrical currents through its body and its dermal layer is coated with aurum. It can generate "hurricane-force" winds due to hyper-tensile on the muscle tendons of the wings. Its body's electro-receptor molecular biology can create electrical currents and localized storm systems as it travels. This results in the stratosphere being torn open by thunder and lightning as it takes flight.^[32]

Reception

The character has been well-received and is considered to be the most famous enemy of Godzilla. WatchMojo.com listed King Ghidorah as #1 on their "Top 10 Godzilla Villains" list,^[33] and #6 on their "Top 10 Giant Movie Monsters" list,^[34] while IGN listed the creature as #2 on their "Top 10 Japanese Movie Monsters" list.^[35] Complex listed the character as #4 on its "The 15 Most Badass Kaiju Monsters of All Time" list, calling it "iconic" and saying that it "... simply looks cooler than some of the more powerful bugs, crabs, and robots."^[36]

In his review of Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster, Ethan Reed of Toho Kingdom praised King Ghidorah, calling it "a fantastic addition to the franchise" and "no less than pure evil, a relentless force of destruction that wipes out the life of entire planets just for the sake of it" and concluded that "King Ghidorah is not only one the best characters in the series, but one [of] the best movie villains as well."^[37]{{Unreliable source?|sure=yes|reason=Source is a fansite.|date=March 2019}} Similar views were expressed in Paste, which listed Ghidorah as #5 on its "10 Best Movie Dragons", describing it as "probably the deadliest beast in all of Godzilla lore".^[38]

Godzilla historian Steve Ryfle, however, has criticized Ghidorah's design in Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah, citing its stiff movements and recycled Rodan roar, as well as noting that it did not deviate enough from Eiji Tsuburaya's original design.{{sfn|Ryfle|1998|p=271}}{{sfn|Ryfle|1998|p=272}}

Appearances

King Ghidorah appeared in a brief piece of stock footage in Terror of Mechagodzilla.{{sfn|Honda|1975|loc=42:21}} The mechanical head of Mecha-King Ghidorah appears briefly in the opening of Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II.{{sfn|Okawara|1993|loc=00:26}} Stock footage of King Ghidorah was used in three episodes of Courage the Cowardly Dog: Courage in the Big Stinkin' City,{{sfn|Cohen|2000|loc=04:56}} The Tower of Dr. Zalost{{sfn|Dilworth|2001|loc=07:49}} and Nowhere TV.{{sfn|Cohen|November 2001|loc=09:22}} Spin-off characters based on King Ghidorah (although quadrupedal in appearance) were featured in other Toho films: Desghidorah (or Death Ghidorah) in Rebirth of Mothra{{sfn|Rhoads|McCorkle|2018|p=168}} and Keizer Ghidorah in Final Wars.{{sfn|Solomon|2017|p=282}} A post-credits scene in Skull Island depicts cave paintings of Godzilla, Rodan, Mothra and King Ghidorah.^[39]

Films

Television

Video games

Literature

Music

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=AMC Intro - "Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah" (1990s) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_gjCovLhRA |website=YouTube |accessdate=March 1, 2019 |date=March 19, 2015}}
2. ^[https://i.pinimg.com/originals/18/fc/50/18fc50ebe0cf7ca90eb853498169e272.jpg Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah - Initial Sony 1998 VHS Release]
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2010/07/04/godzilla-perfect-collection-box-6/ |title=Godzilla Soundtrack Perfect Collection Box 6|last=DeSentis|first=John|work=SciFi Japan|date=July 4, 2010|accessdate=November 23, 2014}}
4. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2018/10/12/godzilla-the-planet-eater-press-notes-trailer-and-pics-from-toho/|title=Godzilla: The Planet Eater Press Notes, Trailer and Pics From Toho|work=SciFi Japan|date=|accessdate=October 12, 2018}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://img2.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20131211004826/godzilla/images/b/b3/Monster_Icons_-_King_Ghidorah.png|title=King Ghidorah Official Trademark|publisher=Toho|accessdate=September 12, 2014}}
6. ^David Milner, "Ishiro Honda Interview", Kaiju Conversations (December 1992)
7. ^¹{{cite web|author=CHO Japan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLGd5Nnl_Uw&list=UUU03keCaesfRWZPYV1FUxXw |title=1970's Godzilla FX Director - PART I - ７０年代のゴジラの特技監督 (SciFi Japan TV #06) |publisher=YouTube |date=2012-10-31 |accessdate=2015-07-25}}
8. ^{{cite book|title=Godzilla Chronicle|publisher=Sony Magazines|page=78|date=July 1998|isbn=978-4789712941}}
9. ^{{cite book|title=Soviet SF Film Festival brochure|date=1984|publisher=Mount Light Corporation}}
10. ^{{cite book|title=Toho Special Effects Movie Complete Works|date=28 September 2012|publisher=Village Books|page=89|isbn=9784864910132}}
11. ^¹Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (1964). Directed by Ishirō Honda. Toho.
12. ^Invasion of Astro-Monster (1965). Directed by Ishirō Honda. Toho.
13. ^Destroy All Monsters (1968). Directed by Ishirō Honda. Toho.
14. ^Godzilla vs. Gigan (1972). Directed by Jun Fukuda. Toho.
15. ^"Attack King Ghidorah!". Zone Fighter. Directed by Jun Fukuda. April 30, 1973
16. ^"King Ghidorah's Counterattack!". Zone Fighter. Directed by Jun Fukuda. May 7, 1973
17. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2012/02/24/yasuyuki-inoue-1923-2012/|title=Yasuyuki Inoue: 1922-2012|work=SciFi Japan|date=|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}
18. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYfzXLDv-94|title=Audio Commentary by David Kalat|work=Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster - Classic Media 2007 DVD Release|date=|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}
19. ^King Ghidorah character profile - Godzilla Movie Studio Tour (PC Game), 1998
20. ^¹Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991). Directed by Kazuki Ōmori. Toho
21. ^David Milner, "Shinji Nishikawa Interview", Kaiju Conversations (December 1995)
22. ^David Milner, "Koichi Kawakita Interview", Kaiju Conversations (December 1994)
23. ^Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (1993). Directed by Takao Okawara. Toho
24. ^¹Rebirth of Mothra III (1998). Directed by Okihiro Yoneda. Toho
25. ^¹Giant Monsters All-Out Attack (2001). Directed by Shusuke Kaneko. Toho.
26. ^Ed Godziszewski and Norman England, "Interview with Shusuke Kaneko", Japanese Giants #9 (June 2002)
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3521553/poster-tohos-godzilla-planet-eater-glorious-treat-fans-king-ghidorah/|title=The Poster for Toho’s ‘Godzilla: The Planet Eater’ is a Glorious Treat for Fans of King Ghidorah|first=John|last=Squires|work=Bloody-Disgusting|date=September 13, 2018|accessdate=September 13, 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web|last=Jeffries |first=Adrianne |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/26/5940259/godzilla-2-confirmed-with-director-gareth-edwards |title=Gareth Edwards returns to direct 'Godzilla 2' with Rodan and Mothra |publisher=The Verge |date=July 26, 2014 |accessdate=August 15, 2018}}
29. ^{{cite press release|url=https://www.warnerbros.com/studio/news/warner-bros-pictures-and-legendary-pictures-monsterverse-kicks-gear-next-godzilla|title=Warner Bros. Pictures' and Legendary Pictures' MonsterVerse Kicks Into Gear as the Next Godzilla Feature Gets Underway|website=Warner Bros.|date=June 19, 2017}}
30. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/rampage-breakout-star-jason-liles-cast-as-godzillas-archenemy-in-godzilla-king-of-monsters-exclusive/|title=‘Rampage’ Breakout Star Jason Liles Joins ‘Godzilla: King of Monsters’ (Exclusive)|last=Verhoeven|first=Beatrice|work=The Wrap|date=April 26, 2018|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}
31. ^¹²{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/rampage-2/rampage-jason-liles-playing-king-ghidorah-godzilla-king-monsters/|title=Rampage's Jason Liles Playing King Ghidorah In Godzilla: King Of Monsters|last=White|first=James|work=Empire|date=April 26, 2018|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}
32. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/godzilla-2-monarch-site-every-secret/|title=Here's Every Hidden Secret On Godzilla 2's Viral Website|first=Hannah|last=Shaw-Williams|work=Screen Rant|date=July 18, 2018|accessdate=July 18, 2018}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4zR__HFvn0|title=Top 10 Godzilla Villains|last=WatchMojo.com|first=|work=YouTube|date=September 25, 2015|accessdate=September 25, 2015}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Eex1-DTbgc|title=Top 10 Giant Movie Monsters|last=WatchMojo.com|first=|work=YouTube|date=August 31, 2013}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/05/15/top-10-japanese-movie-monsters?page=2|title=Top 10 Japanese Movie Monsters|last=Hawker|first=Tom|work=IGN|date=May 15, 2014|accessdate=May 17, 2016}}
36. ^{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Josh |title=The 15 Most Badass Kaiju Monsters of All Time |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2014/05/most-badass-kaiju-monsters-of-all-time/ |website=Complex |accessdate=March 1, 2019 |language=en |date=May 8, 2014}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.tohokingdom.com/reviews/sub/ethan_reed/gtthm.htm|title=Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (Review)|first=Ethan|last=Reed|work=Toho Kingdom|date=July 22, 2009|accessdate=January 27, 2019|archivedate=January 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127225346/https://www.tohokingdom.com/reviews/sub/ethan_reed/gtthm.htm}}
38. ^{{cite web |last1=Holman |first1=Curt |title=The 10 Best Movie Dragons |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2013/01/the-10-best-movie-dragons.html |website=Paste |accessdate=March 1, 2019 |language=en |date=January 3, 2013}}
39. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/kong-skull-island-after-credits-scene-explained/|title=‘Kong: Skull Island’ Post-Credits Scene Explained|last=Goldberg|first=Matt|work=Collider|date=March 11, 2017|accessdate=April 27, 2018}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://tohokingdom.com/web_pages/grap_novs/gvskg_manga.htm |title=Graphic Novel: Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah |publisher=Tohokingdom.com |date= |accessdate=2015-07-25}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://tohokingdom.com/books/godzilla_saves_america.htm |title=Book: Godzilla Saves America: A Monster Showdown in 3-D! |publisher=Tohokingdom.com |date= |accessdate=2015-07-25}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hiphop-elements.com/article/read/2/5835/1/ |title=King Geedorah "Take Me To Your Leader" |publisher=HipHop-Elements.com |date= |accessdate=June 23, 2014}}