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词条 Kirov-class battlecruiser
释义

  1. Design

     Armament  Fire control 

  2. Deployment

  3. Ships

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Sources

  7. External links

{{for|the World War II era class|Kirov-class cruiser}}{{short description|Class of Russian guided missile battlecruisers}}
}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image = Nuclear cruiser Frunze.jpgKirov-class battlecruiser {{ship>Soviet battlecruiser|Frunze2}
}}{{Infobox ship class overview		Name=Builders=Baltic Shipyard, LeningradSUN}}
  • {{navy|RUS}}
Class before=Class after=Subclasses=Cost=Built range=1974–1998In service range= 1980–presentIn commission range=Total ships building=Total ships planned=5Total ships completed=4Total ships cancelled=1Total ships active=1 (1 undergoing refit)Total ships laid up=2Total ships retired=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		 Hide header = Header caption = Ship type = Heavy guided missile cruiser/battlecruiser with nuclear marine propulsion Ship displacement = * 24,300 tons standard
  • 28,000 tons full load
252|m|ft|abbr=on}}28.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} Ship height =9.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} Ship hold depth = Ship decks = Ship deck clearance = Ship ramps = Ship propulsion = * 2-shaft CONAS, 2× KN-3 nuclear marine propulsion with 2× GT3A-688 steam turbines
  • {{convert|140000|shp|abbr=on|lk=in}}[1]
 Ship sail plan =32|kn}}1000|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|30|kn|abbr=on}} (combined propulsion)
  • unlimited at {{convert|20|kn|abbr=on}} on nuclear power
 Ship endurance = Ship complement = 710 Ship sensors = * Radars: (NATO reporting name):
  • Voskhod MR-800 (Top Pair) search 3D radar, foremast
  • Fregat MR-710 (Top Plate) 3D search radar, main mast
  • 2 × Palm Frond navigation radar, foremast
  • Sonar:
    • Horse Jaw LF hull sonar
    • Horse Tail VDS (Variable Depth Sonar)
 Ship EW = 2 × PK-2 Decoy dispensers (400 rockets) Ship armament = * Missiles:
  • 20 × P-700 Granit (SS-N-19 Shipwreck) AShM
  • 14 × SS-N-14 Silex ASW cruise missiles (Ushakov only)
  • 96 × S-300F Fort SA-N-6 Grumble surface-to-air missiles (Ushakov, Lazarev, Nakhimov){{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}
  • 48 × S-300F Fort and 48 S-300FM Fort-M (SA-N-20 Gargoyle) long-range SAM (Pyotr Velikhy)[2]
  • 128 × 3K95 Kinzhal (SA-N-9 Gauntlet) point defense SAM[2]
  • 40 × OSA-MA (SA-N-4 Gecko) PD SAM
  • Guns:
    • 1 × twin AK-130 130 mm/L70 dual purpose gun (2 × AK-100 100 mm/L60 DP guns in Ushakov)
    • 8 × AK-630 six-barreled Gatling 30 mm/L60 PD guns (Ushakov, Lazarev)
    • 6 × CADS-N-1 Kortik gun/missile system (Nakhimov, Pyotr Velikiy[2])
  • Torpedoes and others:
    • 1 × 10 RBU-1000 305 mm ASW rocket launchers
    • 2 × 6 RBU-12000 (Udav-1) 254 mm ASW rocket launchers
    • 10 × 533 mm ASW/ASuW torpedo tubes, Type 53 torpedo or RPK-2 Vyuga (SS-N-15) ASW missile
 Ship armour = 76 mm plating around reactor compartment, light splinter protection Ship armor = Ship aircraft = 3 helicopters Ship aircraft facilities = Below-deck hangar Ship notes =
}}

The Kirov-class battlecruiser is a class of nuclear-powered warship of the Russian Navy, the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships (i.e. not an aircraft carrier or amphibious assault ship) in operation in the world. Among modern warships, they are second in size only to large aircraft carriers, and of similar size to a World War 2 era battleship. The official designation of the ship-type is "heavy nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser" (Russian: тяжёлый атомный ракетный крейсер). The ships are often referred to as battlecruisers by western defense commentators due to their size and general appearance.[2]

Originally built for the Soviet Navy, the class is named for the first of a series of four ships to be constructed, {{ship|Soviet battlecruiser|Kirov||2}}, which was renamed {{ship|Russian battlecruiser|Admiral Ushakov||2}} in 1992. Original plans called for the construction of five ships, however the last was cancelled. In Russia this class of ship is usually referred to by the designation Project 1144 Orlan (sea eagle). Only {{ship|Russian battlecruiser|Pyotr Velikiy||2}} is currently operational. {{ship|Russian battlecruiser|Admiral Nakhimov||2}} is projected to re-enter service with the Russian Navy in 2021. Russia planned to reactivate the remaining two vessels by 2020,[2][3] but recent reporting suggests that the reactors in Admiral Ushakov and Admiral Lazarev are in a poor condition, and these ships cannot be safely reactivated.[8][9]

The appearance of the Kirov class played a key role in the recommissioning of the {{sclass-|Iowa|battleship|2}}s by the United States Navy in the 1980s.[4][5][6]

The Kirov hull design also was used for the nuclear-powered SSV-33 command ship Ural.

Design

Armament

The Kirov class's main weapons are 20 P-700 Granit (SS-N-19 Shipwreck) missiles mounted in deck, designed to engage large surface targets. Air defense is provided by twelve octuple S-300F launchers with 96 missiles and a pair of Osa-MA batteries with 20 missiles each. Pyotr Velikiy carries some S-300FM missiles and is the only ship in the Russian Navy capable of ballistic missile defence.[7] The ships had some differences in sensor and weapons suites: Kirov came with SS-N-14 anti-submarine warfare (ASW) missiles, while on subsequent ships these were replaced with 3K95 Kinzhal (Russian: Кинжал – dagger) surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems. The Kinzhal installation is in fact mounted further forward of the old SS-N-14 mounting, in the structure directly behind the blast shield for the bow mounted RBU ASW rocket launcher. Kirov and Frunze had eight {{convert|30|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} AK-630 close-in weapon systems, which were supplanted with the Kortik air-defence system on later ships.

Other weapons are the automatic {{convert|130|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} AK-130 gun system (except in Kirov which had two single {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} guns instead), 10 {{convert|21|in|mm|adj=on|0}} torpedo/missile tubes (capable of firing SS-N-15 ASW missiles on later ships) and Udav-1 with 40 anti-submarine rockets and two sextuple RBU-1000 launchers.

Russia is developing a new anti-ship missile to equip Kirovs called the 3M22 Tsirkon, which is capable of traveling at hypersonic speeds out to at least {{convert|620|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}}.[8][9] If the missile passes developmental tests, it could enter service in 2020, being deployed first aboard Admiral Nakhimov and later in Pyotr Veliky when it finishes upgrades in 2022.[10][11] Depending on the choice of types of missiles will amount to 40 - 80.[12]

{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 320
| image1 = Battlecruiser Kirov aft section 1986.jpg
| width1 = 2351 | height1 = 3000
| alt1 = Kirov
| caption1 =
| image2 = Battlecruiser Frunze aft 1988.jpg
| width2 = 1820 | height2 = 2356 | alt2 = Frunze
| caption2 =
| footer = The aft sections of Kirov (left) and Frunze (right) showing differences in weapons fit - Kirov has a pair of single 100mm guns, and two pairs of AK-630 CIWS mounts either side of the flight deck, whereas Frunze has a twin 130mm turret and eight SA-N-9 VLS in place of the CIWS mounts.
}}
Armament fit of Kirov class
Kirov / Admiral UshakovFrunze / Admiral LazarevKalinin / Admiral NakhimovYuri Andropov / Pyotr Velikiy
Anti-ship missiles20 x SS-N-19 Shipwreck
Anti-submarine missiles1 x twin SS-N-14 Silex
SS-N-15 Starfish (via 533mm torpedo tube)
Surface-to-air missiles12 x 8 SA-N-6 Grumble6 x 8 SA-N-6 Grumble
6 x 8 SA-N-20 Gargoyle
2 x 20 SA-N-4 Gecko
16 x 8 SA-N-9 Gauntlet
Guns2 x 1 AK-100 100 mm1 x 2 AK-130 130 mm
CIWS8 x AK-6306 x CADS-N-1
Antisubmarine rockets2 x RBU-1000
2 x RBU-12000
Torpedo tubes10 x 533mm torpedo tubes for Type 53

Fire control

  • 2 × Top Dome for SA-N-6 fire control radar (the forward Top Dome is replaced with Tomb Stone (Passive electronically scanned array) in Pyotr Veliky)
  • 4 × Bass Tilt for AK-360 CIWS System fire control (not in Admiral Nakhimov or Pyotr Veliky)
  • 2 × Eye Bowl for SA-N-4 fire control (also for SS-N-14 in Admiral Ushakov)
  • 2 × Hot Flash/Hot Spot for SA-N-11 Grisom (CADS-N-1 units only)
  • 1 × Kite Screech for AK-100 or AK-130
  • 2 × Cross Sword for SA-N-9 (Gauntlet-equipped units only)

Deployment

The lead ship, Kirov (renamed Admiral Ushakov in 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union) was laid down in June 1973 at Leningrad's Baltiysky Naval Shipyard, launched on 27 December 1977 and commissioned on 30 December 1980. When she appeared for the first time in 1981, NATO observers called her BALCOM I (Baltic Combatant I).

Kirov suffered a reactor accident in 1990 while serving in the Mediterranean Sea. Repairs were never carried out, due to lack of funds and the changing political situation in the Soviet Union.

In 1983, a command and control ship, the SSV-33 Ural was launched, although the ship would not be officially commissioned until 1989. She utilized the basic hull design of the Kirov-class vessels, but with a modified superstructure, different armament, and was intended for a different role within the Soviet Navy. Ural was decommissioned and laid up in 2001, due to high operating costs, and is scheduled to be scrapped in 2017.

{{ship|Soviet battlecruiser|Frunze||2}}, the second vessel in the class, was commissioned in 1984. She was assigned to the Pacific Fleet. In 1992, she was renamed Admiral Lazarev. The ship became inactive in 1994 and was decommissioned four years later. She is currently in reserve. On 19 September 2009, General Popovkin, Deputy MOD for Armaments, said the MOD is looking into bringing Admiral Lazarev back into service.[13]{{ship|Soviet battlecruiser|Kalinin||2}}, now Admiral Nakhimov, was the third ship to enter service, in 1988. She was also assigned to the Northern Fleet. Renamed Admiral Nakhimov in 1992, she was mothballed in 1999 and reactivated in 2005. She is in overhaul at Severodvinsk Shipyard.

Construction of the fourth ship, Yuriy Andropov, encountered many delays; her construction was started in 1986 but was not commissioned until 1998. She was renamed {{ship|Russian battlecruiser|Pyotr Veliky||2}} (Peter the Great) in 1992.[14] She currently serves as the flagship of the Russian Northern Fleet.

On 23 March 2004, English language press reported the Russian Navy Commander-in-Chief, Fleet Admiral Vladimir Kuroedov said Pyotr Veliky{{'}}s reactor was in an extremely bad condition and could explode "at any moment", a statement which may have been the result of internal politics within the Russian Navy.[15] The ship was sent to port for a month, and the crew lost one-third of their pay.

A fifth Kirov-class cruiser was planned; originally named Fleet Admiral of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov (also reported as Dzerzhinsky), the ship was never laid down.[14] The name was later changed to Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya (October Revolution),[16] and then just Kuznetsov;[17] finally, on 4 October 1990, the plan for a fifth ship was abandoned.[14]

Ships

Name Namesake Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Status
Admiral Ushakov
(ex-Kirov)		 Fyodor Fyodorovich UshakovBaltiysky Zavod, Leningrad 27 March 1974 26 December 1977 30 December 1980 Laid up, to be scrapped
Russian battlecruiser|Admiral Lazarev2}
(ex-Frunze)		 Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev 27 July 1978 26 May 1981 31 October 1984 Laid up, possibility of modernization[18][19]
Russian battlecruiser|Admiral Nakhimov2}
(ex-Kalinin)		 Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov 17 May 1983 25 April 1986 30 December 1988 Undergoing refit[20]
Russian battlecruiser|Pyotr Velikiy2}
(ex-Yuriy Andropov)		 Peter the Great 11 March 1986 29 April 1989 9 April 1998 In service with the Northern Fleet
Admiral Flota Sovetskogo
Soyuza Kuznetsov
(ex-Dzerzhinsky, ex-Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya)		 Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov colspan=3 {{n/a}} Cancelled 4 October 1990

The Russian Navy initially planned to return both Admiral Ushakov and Admiral Lazarev to service after several years of disuse. It was later indicated that the condition of the reactor cores of both ships was such that it would prove difficult, expensive and potentially dangerous to remove the spent nuclear fuel and repair the cores. As a consequence, it is likely that both ships will be scrapped.[21][22] The modernization of Admiral Ushakov seems unlikely due to an alleged nuclear incident which may have left one of its reactors damaged[23] with scrapping to start in 2016 or later.[24] Other sources disagree, stating that all four ships will be modernized and returned to service.[25] In 2014 some maintenance work was performed on Admiral Lazarev (the only cruiser located in the Pacific).[26][27] Skepticism was expressed regarding the ability of Sevmash shipyard to simultaneously modernize two Kirov-class battlecruisers.[26] Modernization of Admiral Nakhimov is ongoing (to be completed by 2018)[28] with the modernization of Pyotr Velikiy to last from 2018 until 2021.[29]

See also

  • List of ships of the Soviet Navy
  • List of ships of Russia by project number
  • List of naval ship classes in service
  • Nuclear powered cruisers of the United States Navy

References

1. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415230911/http://www.janes.com/defence/naval_forces/news/jfs/jfs000908_2_n.shtml |date=April 15, 2009 }}
2. ^Armi da guerra, De Agostini, Novara, 1985.
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rianovosti.com/military_news/20130613/181647304/Upgraded-Nuclear-Cruiser-to-Rejoin-Russian-Navy-in-2018.html |title=Upgraded Nuclear Cruiser to Rejoin Russian Navy in 2018 | Defense |publisher=RIA Novosti |date=2013-06-13 |accessdate=2014-02-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130615213933/http://www.rianovosti.com/military_news/20130613/181647304/Upgraded-Nuclear-Cruiser-to-Rejoin-Russian-Navy-in-2018.html |archivedate=2013-06-15 |df= }}
4. ^{{cite news | last = Middleton | first = Drew | title = Pentagon likes budget proposal, but questions specifics | work = The New York Times | date = 1981-03-13 | page = A14 }}
5. ^Bishop, p. 80.
6. ^Miller and Miller, p. 114.
7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | url=http://en.ria.ru/mlitary_news/20120920/176091963.html | title=Russian Warship Tests Missile Defense Capability | publisher=RIA Novosti | date=20 September 2012}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://ruspolitica.ru/post/raketyi-tsirkon-okonchatelno-opredelili-tehnologicheskoe-prevoshodstvo-rossii-nad-ssha/|title=Ракеты "Циркон" окончательно определили технологическое превосходство России над США — Русская политика|website=ruspolitica.ru|access-date=2017-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610111543/http://ruspolitica.ru/post/raketyi-tsirkon-okonchatelno-opredelili-tehnologicheskoe-prevoshodstvo-rossii-nad-ssha/|archive-date=2017-06-10|dead-url=yes|df=}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2732278|title=Для гиперзвуковых крылатых ракет в России создано принципиально новое топливо|website=vesti.ru}}
10. ^Russia's Monster Battlecruisers Are Getting Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missiles - Nationalinterest.org, 19 February 2016
11. ^3M22 Zircon Hypersonic Missile in Development Testing for Russian Navy Kirov-class Cruiser - Navyrecognition.com, 19 February 2016
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2016/03/17/nachalis-letnye-ispytaniia-giperzvukovoj-rakety-cirkon.html|title=В России начались летные испытания гиперзвуковой ракеты "Циркон"|date=17 March 2016|publisher=}}
13. ^Agentsvo Natsionalnykh Novostey (Russian) 19 September 2009
14. ^1 2 Ударные корабли, Том 11, часть 1, Ю.В. Апалков, Галея Принт, Санкт-Петербург, 2003
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/incidents/32924 |title=Kuroyedov declares 'Peter the Great' could explode 'at any moment' |publisher=Bellona |accessdate=2011-12-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929123430/http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/incidents/32924 |archivedate=2011-09-29 |df= }}
16. ^{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/1144-list.htm |title=Kirov Class - Project 1144.2 |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=2012-03-19 |accessdate=2014-02-09}}
17. ^{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/1144.htm |title=Kirov Class - Project 1144.2 |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=2014-02-09}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://flotprom.ru/2014/178567/ |title=Крейсер "Адмирал Лазарев" подготовили к стоянке на ТОФ |publisher=Flotprom.ru |date= |accessdate=2019-01-16}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20170421/1492683612.html|title=Чем Тихоокеанский флот России может ответить ВМС США|date=21 April 2017|publisher=}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/january-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/2310-russian-shipyard-sevmash-ordered-new-equipment-for-overhaul-of-kirov-class-cruiser-nakhimov.html |title=Russian Shipyard Sevmash Ordered New Equipment for Overhaul of Kirov Class Cruiser Nakhimov |date=6 January 2015}}
21. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/security/2014/01/shipyard-director-fears-radiation-accident-10-01|title=Shipyard director fears radiation accident|work=Barentsobserver|accessdate=14 December 2014}}
22. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://barentsobserver.com/en/security/only-one-nuclear-cruiser-be-modernized-27-09|title=Only one nuclear cruiser to be modernized|work=Barentsobserver|accessdate=14 December 2014}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/navy/kirov_class.htm|title=Kirov Class Large Guided-Missile Cruiser - Military-Today.com|publisher=}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/radioactive-waste-and-spent-nuclear-fuel/2014-06-long-time-push-dismantle-huge-soviet-nuclear-battleship-put|title=Long-time push to dismantle huge Soviet nuclear battle cruiser again put off - Bellona.org|date=11 June 2014|publisher=}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/kirov-class-battle-cruiser-the-worlds-largest-surface-1570998551|title=Kirov Class Battle Cruiser: The World's Largest Surface Combatant|first=Tyler|last=Rogoway|publisher=}}
26. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://flotprom.ru/2014/178567/|title=Крейсер "Адмирал Лазарев" подготовили к стоянке на ТОФ|publisher=}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://rbth.com/defence/2014/10/31/admiral_nakhimov_to_become_most_powerful_missile_cruiser_in_russian_f_41079.html|title=Admiral Nakhimov to become most powerful missile cruiser in Russian fleet|first=Alexey|last=Ramm|date=31 October 2014|publisher=}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://navaltoday.com/2015/06/29/admiral-nakhimov-should-return-to-service-in-2018/|title=Admiral Nakhimov Should Return to Service in 2018|publisher=}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2015-09-russias-flagship-nuclear-battle-cruiser-the-worlds-largest-puts-in-for-repairs|title=Russia's flagship nuclear battle cruiser – the world's largest – puts in for repairs - Bellona.org|date=9 September 2015|publisher=}}

Sources

  • {{cite book | last = Bishop | first = Chris | title = The Encyclopedia of World Sea Power | year = 1988 | location = New York | publisher = Crescent Books | isbn = 978-0-517-65342-5 | oclc = 18199237 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Miller | first = David |author2=Chris Miller | title = Modern Naval Combat | location = London | publisher= Salamander Books | year = 1986 | isbn = 978-0-86101-231-2 | oclc = 17397400 }}

External links

{{Commons category|Kirov class battlecruiser}}
  • Illustrated article about the Kirov class.
  • Globalsecurity.org page on Kirov class
  • Kirov class photos from Mark Meredith
  • {{Ru icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050515010054/http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=100027 Encyclopedia of ships]
  • {{Ru icon}} Military Reform Support Fund
  • {{Ru icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225556/http://www.vif2ne.ru/nvk/forum/archive/279/279416.htm Forum discussion of ships' armament]
  • FAS.org article
  • {{En icon}} All Kirov Class Battlecruisers - Complete Ship List
{{Kirov-class battlecruiser}}{{ColdwarSovietShips}}

8 : Cruiser classes|Battlecruiser classes|Kirov-class battlecruisers|Cold War battlecruisers of the Soviet Union|Cold War cruisers of the Soviet Union|Nuclear-powered ships|Nuclear ships of the Soviet Navy|Nuclear ships of the Russian Navy
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