| 词条 | Kivalina, Alaska |
| 释义 |
| official_name = Kivalina | native_name = Kivalliñiq | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = Kivalina 2.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Aerial view of Kivalina | image_flag = | image_seal = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Northwest Arctic Borough Alaska incorporated and unincorporated areas Kivalina highlighted.svg | map_caption = Location in Northwest Arctic Borough and the state of Alaska. | coordinates = {{coord|67|43|38|N|164|32|21|W|region:US-AK|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Alaska | subdivision_type2 = Borough | subdivision_name2 = Northwest Arctic | established_title = Incorporated | established_date = June 23, 1969[1] | government_type = | government_footnotes = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Austin Swan, Sr.[2] | leader_title1 = State senator | leader_name1 = Donny Olson (D) | leader_title2 = State rep. | leader_name2 = John Lincoln (D) | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = [3] | area_total_km2 = 10.26 | area_total_sq_mi = 3.96 | area_land_km2 = 3.87 | area_land_sq_mi = 1.50 | area_water_km2 = 6.38 | area_water_sq_mi = 2.46 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 4 | elevation_ft = 13 | population_footnotes = [4] | population_total = 374 | population_as_of = 2010 | pop_est_footnotes = [5] | population_est = 383 | pop_est_as_of = 2016 | population_density_km2 = 37.33 | population_density_sq_mi = 96.69 | timezone = Alaska (AKST) | utc_offset = -9 | timezone_DST = AKDT | utc_offset_DST = -8 | postal_code_type = ZIP Code | postal_code = 99750 | area_code_type = Area code | area_code = 907 | blank_name = FIPS code | blank_info = {{FIPS|02|39960}} | blank1_name = GNIS feature ID | blank1_info = {{GNIS4|1413348}}, {{GNIS4|2419411}} | website = }}Kivalina {{smaller|(kiv-uh-LEE-nuh;}}[5] Kivalliñiq in Iñupiaq) is a city[6][7] and village in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska, United States. The population was 377 at the 2000 census[8] and 374 as of the 2010 census.[6] The island on which the village lies is threatened by rising sea levels and coastal erosion. {{As of|2013}}, it is predicted that the island will be inundated by 2025.[9] HistoryKivalina is an Inupiat community first reported as "Kivualinagmut" in 1847 by Lt. Lavrenty Zagoskin of the Imperial Russian Navy. It has long been a stopping place for travelers between Arctic coastal areas and Kotzebue Sound communities. Three bodies and artifacts were found in 2009 representing the Ipiutak culture, a pre-Thule, non-whaling civilization that disappeared over a millennium ago.[10] It is the only village in the region where people hunt the bowhead whale. The original village was located at the north end of the Kivalina Lagoon but was relocated. In about 1900, reindeer were brought to the area and some people were trained as reindeer herders. An airstrip was built at Kivalina in 1960. Kivalina incorporated as a second-class city in 1969. During the 1970s, a new school and an electric system were constructed in the city. On December 5, 2014 the only general store in Kivalina burned down.[11] In July 2015, a newer store was opened after months of rebuilding to make the store more convenient and safe.[12] GeographyKivalina is on the southern tip of a {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} long barrier island located between the Chukchi Sea and a lagoon at the mouth of the Kivalina River.[13] It lies {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of Kotzebue. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of {{convert|3.9|sqmi|km2}}, of which, {{convert|1.9|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|2.0|sqmi|km2}} of it (51.55%) is water. Demographics{{US Census population|1920= 87 |1930= 99 |1940= 98 |1950= 117 |1960= 142 |1970= 188 |1980= 241 |1990= 317 |2000= 377 |2010= 374 |estyear=2016 |estimate=383 |estref=[14] |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census[15] }} Kivalina first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census as an unincorporated (native) village. It formally incorporated in 1969. As of the census[8] of 2000, there were 377 people, 78 households, and 64 families residing in the village. The population density was 202.1 people per square mile (77.8/km²). There were 80 housing units at an average density of 42.9 per square mile (16.5/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 3.45% White and 96.55% Native American. There were 78 households out of which 61.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 15.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.9% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.83 and the average family size was 5.50. In the village the population was spread out with 44.0% under the age of 18, 13.3% from 18 to 24, 20.7% from 25 to 44, 15.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.1 males. The median income for a household in the village was $30,833, and the median income for a family was $30,179. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $8,360. About 25.4% of families and 26.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.9% of those under age 18 and 30.0% of those age 65 or over. Environmental issuesDue to severe sea wave erosion during storms, the city hopes to relocate again to a new site {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the present site; studies of alternate sites are ongoing.[16] According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the estimated cost of relocation runs between $95 and $125 million, whereas the Government Accountability Office (GAO) estimates it to be between $100 and $400 million.[17] In 2011, Haymarket Books published _Kivalina: A Climate Change Story_ by Christine Shearer. Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation{{main|Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation}}The city of Kivalina and a federally recognized tribe, the Alaska Native Village of Kivalina, sued Exxon Mobil Corporation, eight other oil companies, 14 power companies and one coal company in a lawsuit filed in federal court in San Francisco on February 26, 2008, claiming that the large amounts of greenhouse gases they emit contribute to global warming that threatens the community's existence.[18] The lawsuit estimates the cost of relocation at $400 million.[19] The suit was dismissed by the United States district court on September 30, 2009, on the grounds that regulating greenhouse emissions was a political rather than a legal issue and one that needed to be resolved by Congress and the Administration rather than by courts.[20] Kivalina has also sued Canadian mining company Teck Cominco for polluting its water source.[21] Orange gooOn August 4, 2011, it was reported that residents of the city of Kivalina had seen a strange orange goo wash up on the shores. According to the Associated Press, "Tests have been conducted on the substance on the surface of the water in Kivalina. City Administrator Janet Mitchell told the Associated Press that the substance has also shown up in some residents' rain buckets."[22] On August 8, 2011, Associated Press reported that the substance consisted of millions of microscopic eggs.[23] Later, officials of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirmed that the orange colored materials were some kind of crustacean eggs or embryos,[24][25][26] but subsequent examination resulted in a declaration that the substance consisted of spores from a possibly undescribed species of rust fungus,[27] later revealed to be Chrysomyxa ledicola.[28] Kivalina in the MediaKivalina's environmental issues were prominently featured in The 2015 Weather Channel documentary "Alaska: State of Emergency" hosted by Dave Malkoff. Kivalina was one of the two towns featured in the Al Jazeera English Fault Lines documentary, When the Water Took the Land.[29][30] The community, who were originally nomadic, were given an ultimatum that they would have to settle in the permanent community or their children would be taken from them.[31] The village's plight was also examined in Kivalina, an hourlong documentary released as part of the PBS World series America ReFramed. EducationThe McQueen School, operated by the Northwest Arctic Borough School District, serves the community. {{Asof|2017}} it had 141 students, with Alaska Natives making up 100% of the student body.[32] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|title=1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory|location=Juneau|publisher=Alaska Municipal League/Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs|date=January 1996|page=81}} 2. ^{{Cite book|title=2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory|location=Juneau|publisher=Alaska Municipal League|year=2015|page=87}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_02.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Jun 22, 2017}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=2010 City Population and Housing Occupancy Status |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=May 14, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034521/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table |archivedate=July 21, 2011 |df= }} 5. ^ {{cite web | url = http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_name=Kivalina | title = Kivalina | publisher = Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development | accessdate = January 24, 2013 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121230030152/http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_Name=Kivalina | archivedate = December 30, 2012 | df = }} 6. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/1600000US0239960 | title = Kivalina city, Alaska | work = Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data | publisher = United States Census Bureau | accessdate = January 23, 2013 }} 7. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/osa/pub/11Taxable.pdf |title=Alaska Taxable 2011: Municipal Taxation - Rates and Policies |format=PDF |publisher=Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development |date=January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425132818/http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/osa/pub/11Taxable.pdf |archivedate=2013-04-25 |df= }} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=2013-09-11 |df= }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23346370|title=The Alaskan village set to disappear underwater in a decade|author=Stephen Sackur|publisher=BBC News|date=30 July 2013}} 10. ^"Remains of ancient inhabitants found in Kivilina." Anchorage Daily News, 25 August 2009 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827143251/http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/rural/story/911114.html |date=27 August 2009 }} 11. ^DeMarban, Alex. "Fire Destroys General Store in Arctic Village of Kivalina." Fire Destroys General Store in Arctic Village of Kivalina 5 Dec. 2014. Alaska Dispatch News. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. 12. ^"This is climate change: Alaskan villagers struggle as island is chewed up by the sea" LA Times, 30 August 2015 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.poa.usace.army.mil/en/cw/Kivalina/Kivalina%20Erosion%20Control%20Environmental%20Assessment%20and%20FONSI.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618103626/http://www.poa.usace.army.mil/en/cw/Kivalina/Kivalina%20Erosion%20Control%20Environmental%20Assessment%20and%20FONSI.pdf |archivedate=2009-06-18 |df= }}Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact, Section 117 Expedited Erosion Control Project Kivilana Alaska, ACOE, September 2007, Retrieved 2010-06-20 14. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df= }} 16. ^An Alaska island is Losing Ground, Los Angeles Times, 25 Nov. 2007 17. ^{{cite journal|last=Abate|first=Randall S.|title=Public Nuisance Suits for the Climate Justice Movement: The Right Thing and the Right Time|journal=Washington Law Review|date=May 2010|volume=85|pages=197–252|url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/343/Abate%20Author%20Copy.pdf?sequence=1}} 18. ^"Eskimo village sues over global warming", CNN, 26 February 2008. 19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/us/27alaska.html |title=Flooded Village Files Suit, Citing Corporate Link to Climate Change |accessdate=2008-02-29 |author=Felicity Barringer |date=2008-02-27 |work=New York Times}} 20. ^Order Granting Motions to Dismiss{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, N.D. Cal., Sept. 30, 2009. 21. ^"Teck Cominco to pay $120 million for Alaskan pipeline {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084246/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/business/story.html?id=e72b9bdf-b819-4b81-8fa4-53ae5e712bd4 |date=March 4, 2016 }}", Montreal Gazette. 22. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/08/04/oddities-us-alaska-orange-mystery_8602334.html|title=Mysterious orange goo washes up in Alaska village|work=Forbes|accessdate=9 August 2011|location=ANCHORAGE, Alaska}} {{Dead link|date=August 2012|bot=RjwilmsiBot}} 23. ^[https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/08/08/general-us-alaska-orange-mystery_8608793.html Orange goo near remote Alaska village ID'd as eggs], Associated Press, August 8, 2011 24. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hfuFBUOk9FRBgf3MBklWAvUyKRxw?docId=e27ec07227e04ae8a7a0bef09dd9a3ea|title=Orange goo near remote Alaska village ID'd as eggs|last=D'Oro|first=Rachel|work=The Associated Press|publisher=Google Search|accessdate=9 August 2011|location=Anchorage, Alaska}} 25. ^{{cite news |title=Mysterious Orange Goo Baffles Remote Alaska Village |publisher=Fox News |date=August 6, 2011 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/08/06/orange-goo-baffles-remote-alaska-village/ |accessdate=August 9, 2011}} 26. ^{{cite news |title=Mystery Orange Goo in Remote Alaskan Village Identified |publisher=Fox News |date=August 8, 2011 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/08/08/mystery-orange-goo-in-remote-alaskan-village-identified/ |accessdate=August 9, 2011}} 27. ^{{cite news |title=Orange Goo on Alaska Shore Was Fungal Spores|publisher=Fox News|date=August 18, 2011| url=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/08/18/orange-goo-on-alaska-shore-was-fungal-spores|accessdate=August 18, 2011}} 28. ^{{cite web | url = http://coastalscience.noaa.gov/news/habs/identification-of-alaska-orange-goo-as-tundra-rust-spores-confirmed-at-the-species-level-by-usda-and-canadian-forest-service/ | title = Alaska "Orange Goo" Rust Spores Confirmed | date = 9 February 2012 | work = NCCOS News | publisher = National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science | accessdate = 7 March 2012 | quote = An “orange goo” covered the Inupiat village of Kivalina, Alaska, last summer. Six months later the substance was confirmed by forestry experts at the USDA Forest Service and the Canadian Forest Service to be rust fungi uredospores of Chrysomyxa ledicola.}} 29. ^{{cite news|title=Alaska: When the Water Took the Land|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/faultlines/2015/12/alaska-water-land-151221103853364.html|work=Fault Lines|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=22 December 2015}} 30. ^{{cite news|last1=Alaska News|title=Al Jazeera documentary tells tale of two eroding Alaska villages|url=https://www.adn.com/environment/article/eroding-villages-subject-al-jazeera-documentary/2015/12/18/|work=Alaska Dispatch News|date=18 December 2015}} 31. ^{{cite news|last1=Arnold|first1=Elizabeth|title=Tale Of Two Alaskan Villages|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93029431|work=Day to Day|publisher=NPR|date=29 July 2008}} 32. ^Home. McQueen School. Retrieved on March 26, 2017. Further reading
External links{{Commonscat}}
5 : Chukchi Sea|Cities in Alaska|Cities in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska|Populated coastal places in Alaska|Populated places of the Arctic United States |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。