“Alpha Cassiopeiae”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Alpha Cassiopeiae (α Cassiopeiae, abbreviated Alpha Cas, α Cas), also named Schedar,^[7] is a second magnitude star in the constellation of Cassiopeia. Though listed as the "alpha star" by Johann Bayer, α Cas's visual brightness closely rivals the 'beta' (β) star in the constellation (Beta Cassiopeiae, also named Caph^[7]) and it may appear marginally brighter or dimmer, depending on which passband is used. However, recent calculations from NASA's WISE telescope confirm that α Cas is the brightest in Cassiopeia, with an apparent magnitude of 2.240. Its absolute magnitude is 18 times greater than β Cas, although it is located farther away from the Sun (228 light years versus 54).

Nomenclature

α Cassiopeiae (Latinised to Alpha Cassiopeiae) is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional name Schedar, which was first encountered in the Alfonsine tables of the thirteenth century. It derives from the Arabic word صدر şadr, meaning "breast", a word which is derived from its relative position in the heart of the mythological queen Cassiopeia.^[8] Johannes Hevelius used the name Schedir in his writings, although there were additional traditional spellings of this Arabic transliteration such as Shedar, Shadar, Sheder, Seder, Shedis, and Shedir. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)^[9] to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Schedar for this star on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.^[7]

In Chinese, {{lang|zh|王良}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Wáng Liáng}}) refers to the Chinese asterism Wang Liang, a famous charioteer during the Spring and Autumn period. The stellar pattern consists of Alpha, Beta, Kappa, Eta and Lambda Cassiopeiae.^[10] Consequently, Alpha Cassiopeiae itself is known as {{lang|zh|王良四}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Wáng Liáng sì}}, {{lang-en|the Fourth Star of Wang Liang}}).^[11]

Visibility

With a declination of 56° 32' North, Schedar is principally visible in the northern hemisphere. The star is yet discernible to most observers across the globe reaching as far south as Perth, Australia, Santiago, Chile and other settlements north ± 33° South latitude, albeit just above the horizon. Schedar is located in line-of-sight of the Milky Way galaxy, so there are other notable celestial objects one can view close to this star—the Pacman Nebula, NGC 436 and NGC 457 being a few.

Alpha Cas reaches its zenith above cities like Edinburgh, Copenhagen and Moscow. It is circumpolar throughout Europe, Russia, and as far south as Los Angeles, California on the North American continent as well as other locations around the globe having a latitude greater than ± 33° North. Since Schedar is listed as a second magnitude star (equal to Beta Cas), it is easily observable to the naked eye as long as one's stargazing is not hindered by the light pollution common to most cities.

The best time for observation is during the late autumn months of the northern hemisphere, when Cassiopeia passes the meridian at midnight, but given its circumpolar nature in many northern localities, it is visible to many of the world's inhabitants throughout the year.

Photometric variations

Depending on the photometric system used, Schedar's apparent magnitude is marginally brighter or dimmer than Caph, the beta star in the constellation. The Johnson UBV system throughout the latter half of the twentieth century indicated a visual magnitude that ranged from about 2.20 to 2.23, thus making it slightly brighter than Caph with its variable magnitude ranging from 2.25 to 2.31.^[12] However recent calculations in the optical V band between 500–600 nanometers (nm) by Floor Van Leeuwen in 2007 produced a new measurement for both stars, 2.4107 for Schedar and 2.3579 for Caph, suggesting that Caph ranks as the brightest in the constellation.^[13] The confusion arises because of the use of different passbands.

Angular analysis

With the advances in optical interferometry in the 1990s, Schedar's angular diameter was measured in 1998 at various wavelengths ranging from 500–850 nm. The result was a limb darkened angular measurement of 5.62 ± 0.06 milliarcseconds (mas),^[14] a diameter which equates to roughly 0.393 AU or {{Solar radius|link=y|42.3}}, assuming a parallax of 14.29 mas.^[15] With the planet Mercury orbiting the Sun at approximately 0.4 AU, Schedar's photosphere extends to roughly half the mercurial orbit.

Properties

Schedar is a red giant star whose spectral classification in the SIMBAD astronomical database is listed as K0IIIa, a stellar class that is notably cooler than the Sun.^[12] However, because it is nearing the final stages of its evolution, the photosphere has expanded substantially, yielding a bolometric luminosity that is approximately {{Solar luminosity|link=y|676}}^[16]

According to Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007), the estimated distance to the star is about 70 parsecs or 228 light years.^[13] Like all giant stars, Schedar rotates slowly with an approximate velocity of 21 km/s—a speed which takes the star approximately 102 days to make one complete revolution on its axis.^[17]

Schedar has been sometimes classified as a variable star, but no variability has been detected since the 19th century.^[4] Also, three companions to the star have been listed in the Washington Double Star Catalog, but it seems that all of them are just line-of-sight optical components.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

Schedar is thought to be around 100 to 200 million years old, having spent much of its time as a blue-white b-type main-sequence star.^[4]

Depiction

In 1551, Gerardus Mercator, a Flemish cartographer, produced a celestial globe portraying the 48 traditional Ptolemaic constellations in addition to two others, Coma Berenices and Antinous.^[18] On this globe, he represents Cassiopeia as the Queen of Ethiopia, punished for her boasting by being chained to a chair hanging upside-down. Schedar is found near her left breast, reflecting its Arabic etymological origin.

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite journal | title=All-sky Compiled Catalogue of 2.5 million stars | author=Kharchenko, N. V. | author2=Roeser, S. |date=September 2009 | work=VizieR | publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg | url=http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=I/280B/ascc&recno=158513 | bibcode=2009yCat.1280....0K | accessdate=2011-01-06 | quote=The absolute magnitude is computed using the Kharcheko apparent magnitude of 2.240 and the Van Leeuwen parallax of 14.29}}
2. ^¹{{cite journal | author=Mermilliod, J.-C. | title=Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished) | journal=Catalogue of Eggen's UBV data | date=1986 | bibcode=1986EgUBV........0M}}
3. ^{{cite journal|bibcode=2009yCat....102025S|title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)|journal=VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Originally published in: 2009yCat....102025S|volume=1|display-authors=etal|author1=Samus|first1=N. N.|last2=Durlevich|first2=O. V.|year=2009}}
4. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web |title=SHEDAR (Alpha Cassiopeiae) |publisher=University of Illinois |author=Professor James B. (Jim) Kaler |url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/shedar.html |accessdate=2010-02-22| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100327123048/http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/shedar.html| archivedate= 27 March 2010 | deadurl= no}}
5. ^See Notes section for calculations
6. ^{{cite journal | author=Soubiran, C. | author2=Bienaymé, O. | author3=Mishenina, T. V. | author4=Kovtyukh, V. V. | title=Vertical distribution of Galactic disk stars. IV. AMR and AVR from clump giants | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | date=2008 | volume=480 | issue=1 | pages=91–101 | url=http://cds.aanda.org/index.php?option=article&access=bibcode&bibcode=2008A%2526A...480...91S | format=PDF | accessdate=2010-12-31 | bibcode=2008A&A...480...91S | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078788|arxiv = 0712.1370 }}
7. ^¹²{{cite web | url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/ | title=Naming Stars |publisher=IAU.org |accessdate=18 June 2018}}
8. ^¹{{Cite web | title=Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning | publisher=Dover Publications | author=Richard Hinckley Allen | author-link=Richard Hinckley Allen | page=142 | date=1963 | accessdate=2010-12-31 |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Cassiopeia*.html}}
9. ^{{citation | url=https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/ | title=IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) | publisher=International Astronomical Union | accessdate=22 May 2016 | postscript=. }}
10. ^{{zh icon}} 中國星座神話, written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, {{ISBN|978-986-7332-25-7}}.
11. ^{{zh icon}} 香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818141141/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/c_research_chinengstars_s.htm |date=2010-08-18 }}, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010.
12. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite web | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=SCHEDAR | title =SIMBAD query result: SCHEDAR -- Star | publisher =Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg | accessdate=2010-02-22 }}
13. ^¹²{{cite journal | title=Hipparcos, the New Reduction | author=van Leeuwen, F | date=November 2007 | publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg | pages=653–664 | issue=2 | volume=474 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V | arxiv = 0708.1752 }}
14. ^¹{{cite journal | title=Direct Confirmation of Stellar Limb Darkening with the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer | display-authors=etal | author=Hajian, Arsen R. | author2=Armstrong, J. T. | author3=Hummel, C. A. | author4=Benson, J. A. | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=March 1998 | volume=496 | issue=1 | pages=484 | doi=10.1086/305388 | bibcode=1998ApJ...496..484H}}
15. ^To determine Schedar's average radius in terms of solar units, the calculations begin with the formula for angular diameter as follows::

where equals the angular diameter of Schedar in arcseconds, the star's diameter in AU, and the Distance from Earth in parsecs. If one knows the angular diameter and the Distance, then one can solve for as follows::

To obtain Schedar's radius::

To convert 0.197 AU into Solar units, the math is straightforward. Since 1 AU = 149,597,871 km and the mean diameter of the Sun = 1,392,000 km (hence a mean radius of 696,000 km), the calculation is as follows::

.
16. ^The formula for Schedar's bolometric luminosity is as follows::

where... S = Schedar, L = Luminosity, R = Radius and T = Temperature.Therefore::

Note: Luminosity calculations are highly dependent on angular diameter and distance variables.
17. ^¹{{cite web |title=Bright Star Catalogue (Hoffleit+, 1991) |edition=5th Revised |work=VizieR |publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg |url=http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-S?HR%20168 |accessdate=2010-12-31}}
18. ^¹{{cite web |title=Cassiopeia — The Queen |publisher= The Mercator Globes at Harvard Map Collection |author=Gerard Mercator (1512–1594) |url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/maps/exhibits/mercator/main.html | accessdate=2011-01-02}}