| 词条 | Knights of the Golden Circle |
| 释义 |
| name = Knights of the Golden Circle | image = Knights of the Golden Circle History of Seccession book, 1862.jpg | image_border = | size = | alt = | caption = An alleged secret history of the Knights of the Golden Circle published in 1863 | map = | msize = | malt = | mcaption = | map2 = | abbreviation = KGC | motto = | predecessor = | successor = | formation = 1854 | extinction = 1863 | type = Paramilitary | status = | purpose = U.S. annexation of the Golden circle | headquarters = Cincinnati, Ohio, United States | location = | coords = | region_served = | membership = | language = English | general = | leader_title = | leader_name = George W. L. Bickley | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | key_people = | main_organ = | parent_organization = | affiliations = | budget = | num_staff = | num_volunteers = | website = | remarks = | former name = }} The Knights of the Golden Circle (KGC) was a secret society in the mid-19th-century United States. The original objective of the KGC was to annex a "golden circle" of territories in Mexico, Central America, Confederate States of America, and the Caribbean as slave states, to be led by Maximilian I of Mexico{{Citation needed|reason=Highly doubtful as Maximilian I was opposed to slavery, would like a source on this|date=February 2019}}. As abolitionism in the United States increased after the Dred Scott Decision of 1857, the members proposed a separate confederation of slave states, with U.S. states south of the Mason-Dixon line to secede and to align with other slave states to be formed from the "golden circle". In either case, the goal was to increase the power of the Southern slave-holding upper class to such a degree that it could never be dislodged.[1] During the American Civil War, some Southern sympathizers in the Union or Northern states, such as Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa, were accused of belonging to the Knights of the Golden Circle, and in some cases, such as that of Lambdin P. Milligan, they were imprisoned for their activities. Early historyGeorge W. L. Bickley, an Indiana-born doctor, editor, and "adventurer" who lived in Cincinnati, founded the association.[2] Records of the KGC convention held in 1860 state that the organization "originated at Lexington, Kentucky, on the fourth day of July 1854, by five gentlemen who came together on a call made by Gen. George Bickley".[3] He organized the first castle, or local branch, in Cincinnati in 1854. Hounded by creditors, he left Cincinnati in the late 1850s and traveled through the East and South, promoting an expedition to Mexico. The group's original goal was to provide a force to colonize the northern part of Mexico and the West Indies. This would extend pro-slavery interests. In August 1861 the New York Times described the order as a successor to the Order of the Lone Star, which had been organized for the purpose of conquering Cuba and Nicaragua, succeeding in the latter cause in 1856 under William Walker before being driven out by a coalition of neighboring states. At that time the order's prime objective was said to be to raise an army of 16,000 men to conquer and "Southernize" Mexico, while supporting the Knights of the Columbian Star for public office.[4]Civil WarSouthwestIn 1859, future Confederate States Army brigadier general Elkanah Greer established KGC castles in East Texas and Louisiana.[5] Although a Unionist, United States Senator Sam Houston introduced a resolution in the U.S. Senate in 1858 for the "United States to declare and maintain an efficient protectorate over the States of Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and San Salvador." This measure, which supported the goal of the KGC, failed to be adopted.[5] In the spring of 1860, Elkanah Greer had become general and grand commander of 4,000 Military Knights in the KGC's Texas division of 21 castles. The Texas KGC supported President of the United States James Buchanan's policy of, and draft treaty for, protecting routes for U.S commerce across Mexico, which also failed to be approved by the U.S. Senate.[6] With the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, the Texas KGC changed its emphasis from a plan to expand U.S. territory into Mexico in order to focus its efforts on providing support for the Southern States' Secession in the United States from the Union.[7] On February 15, 1861, Ben McCulloch, United States Marshal and former Texas Ranger, began marching toward the Federal arsenal at San Antonio, Texas, with a cavalry force of about 550 men, about 150 of whom were Knights of the Golden Circle (KGC) from six castles.[8] As volunteers continued to join McCulloch the following day, United States Army Brevet Maj. Gen. David E. Twiggs decided to surrender the arsenal peacefully to the secessionists. Twiggs was appointed a major general in the Confederate States Army on May 22, 1861.[9] KGC members also figured prominently among those who, in 1861, joined Lt. Col. John Robert Baylor in his temporarily successful takeover of southern New Mexico Territory.[10] In May 1861, members of the KGC and the Confederate Rangers attacked a building which housed a pro-Union newspaper, the Alamo Express, owned by J. P. Newcomb, and burned it down.[11] Other KGC members followed Brig. Gen. Henry Hopkins Sibley on the 1862 New Mexico Campaign, which sought to bring the New Mexico Territory into the Confederate fold. Both Baylor and Trevanion Teel, Sibley's captain of artillery, had been among the KGC members who rode with Ben McCulloch. NorthIn early 1862, Radical Republicans in the Senate, aided by Secretary of State William H. Seward, suggested that former president Franklin Pierce, who was greatly critical of the Lincoln administration's war policies, was an active member of the Knights of the Golden Circle. In an angry letter to Seward, Pierce denied that he knew anything about the KGC, and demanded that his letter be made public. California Senator Milton Latham subsequently did so when he entered the entire Pierce{{endash}}Seward correspondence into the Congressional Globe. Appealing to the Confederacy's friends in both the North and the border states, the Order spread to Kentucky as well as the southern parts of such Union states as Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri. It became strongest among Copperheads, some of whom felt that the Civil War was a mistake. Some supported slavery and others were worried about the power of the federal government. In the summer of 1863, Congress authorized a military draft, which the administration soon put into operation. Loyalist Leaders of the Democratic Party opposed to Abraham Lincoln's administration denounced the draft and other wartime measures, such as the arrest of seditious persons and the president's temporary suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. During the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, scam artists in south-central Pennsylvania sold Pennsylvania Dutch farmers $1 paper tickets purported to be from the Knights of the Golden Circle. Along with a series of secret hand gestures, these tickets were supposed to protect the horses and other possessions of ticket holders from seizure by invading Confederate soldiers.[12] When Confederate Maj. Gen. Jubal Early's infantry division passed through York County, Pennsylvania, they took what they needed anyway. They often paid with Confederate States dollars or with drafts on the Confederate government. The Confederate cavalry commander J.E.B. Stuart also reported the alleged KGC tickets when documenting the campaign. That same year, Asbury Harpending and California members of the Knights of the Golden Circle in San Francisco outfitted the schooner J. M. Chapman as a Confederate privateer in San Francisco Bay, with the object of raiding commerce on the Pacific Coast and capturing gold shipments to the East Coast. Their attempt was detected and they were seized on the night of their intended departure.[13][14][15] In late 1863, the KGC reorganized as the Order of American Knights. In 1864, it became the Order of the Sons of Liberty, with the Ohio politician Clement L. Vallandigham, most prominent of the Copperheads, as its supreme commander. In most areas only a minority of its membership was radical enough to discourage enlistments, resist the draft, and shield deserters. The KGC held numerous peace meetings. A few agitators, some of them encouraged by Southern money, talked of a revolt in the Old Northwest, with the goal of ending the war.[16] Survival conspiracy theoryAccording to a few fringe historians, after the Civil War, the KGC went underground and became a secret society. They claim that the KGC's new mission was to support a second, former confederate, uprising against the U.S. Federal Government. Furthermore, it has been alleged in the History Channel program America Unearthed, (episode "Lincoln's Secret Assassins") that the James-Younger Gang was the principal source of funds for a second American Civil War that never occurred. No evidence has been provided for such suppositions. The Los Angeles Times noted that one theory, among many, on the origin of the Saddle Ridge Hoard of gold coins is that it was cached by the KGC, which "some believe buried millions in ill-gotten gold across a dozen states to finance a second Civil War."[17] Alleged members
In popular culture{{In popular culture|date=April 2018}}
See also
References1. ^Woodward, Colin American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America New York:2011 Penguin Page 207 2. ^{{cite journal |last=Bridges |first=C. A. |title=The Knights of the Golden Circle: A Filibustering Fantasy |journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=287–302 |jstor=30235905 | date = January 1941 |registration=yes }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vbk01|title= Knights of the golden circle|last1=Campbell |first1=Randolph B. |last2= |first2= |work= |publisher=Handbook of Texas Online|accessdate=December 13, 2011}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1861/08/30/archives/the-knights-of-the-golden-circle.html|title=https://www.nytimes.com/1861/08/30/archives/the-knights-of-the-golden-circle.html|publisher=New York Times|date=1861-08-30}} 5. ^1 Hudson, Linda S. "The Knights of the Golden Circle in Texas, 1858–1861: An Analysis of the First (Military) Degree Knights", p. 53, in Howell, Kenneth W., ed. The Seventh Star of the Confederacy: Texas during the Civil War. University of North Texas Press: Denton, Texas, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-57441-259-8}}. {{Subscription required|via=Questia}} 6. ^Hudson, 2009, p. 54. 7. ^Hudson, 2009, pp. 55-56. 8. ^Keehn, David C. Knights of the Golden Circle: Secret Empire, Southern Secession, Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-8071-5004-7}}. 9. ^{{cite book|title= Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders | author = | last = Warner | first = Ezra J. | author-link = Ezra J. Warner (historian) | year = 1959 | page= 312| publisher= Louisiana State University Press | publication-place = Baton Rouge, LA | ISBN= 978-0-8071-0823-9 }} 10. ^Thompson, Jerry D. Colonel John Robert Baylor: Texas Indian Fighter and Confederate Soldier. Hillsboro, Tex: Hill Junior College Press, 1971. {{ISBN|978-0-912172-14-9}}. 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fne19 |title=NEWCOMB, JAMES PEARSON | The Handbook of Texas Online| |last1=Speck |first1=Ernest B. |publisher=Tshaonline.org; Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) |date= |accessdate=2016-10-15}} 12. ^Cassandra Morris Small letters, York County (PA) Heritage Trust files 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/Pac%20Sqdn.html |title=California Naval History: The Pacific Squadron of 1861-1866 |publisher=Militarymuseum.org |date=2016-02-08 |accessdate=2016-10-15}} 14. ^"The Pacific Squadron of 1861–1866", in Aurora Hunt, The Army of the Pacific; Its Operations in California, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Plains Region, Mexico, etc. 1860–1866 15. ^{{cite book|last1=Boessenecker|first1=John|title=Badge and Buckshot: Lawlessness in Old California|date=1993|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman|isbn=9780806125107|pages=135–136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s99i3BauLjoC&dq=%22Rufus+Henry+Ingram%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=15 October 2016}} 16. ^William B. Hesseline, Lincoln and the War Governors, Alfred A. Knopf, 1948. {{OCLC|445066}}. p. 312. 17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-gold-coins-northern-california-mint-theft-20140304,0,3666293.story#axzz2vamnAr8K|title=Gold coins found by California couple unlikely stolen from U.S. Mint|last=Schaefer|first=Samantha|date=March 4, 2014|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Company|accessdate=May 4, 2014}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/greatnorthwester01ayer |title=The great north-western conspiracy in all its startling details |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2016-10-15}} 19. ^Bob Brewer Shadow of the Sentinel, p. 67, Simon & Schuster, 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-7432-1968-6}} 20. ^Michael Benson Inside Secret Societies, p. 86, Kensington Publishing Corp., 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-8065-2664-5}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/shows/america-unearthed/videos/america-unearthed-lincolns-secret-assassins |title=Watch Lincoln's Secret Assassins Full Episode - America Unearthed |publisher=History |date= |accessdate=2016-10-15}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atomic-robo.com/atomicrobo/v9ch5-page-28 |title=v9ch5 Page 28 |publisher=Atomic Robo |date= |accessdate=2016-10-15}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://steveberry.org/books/the-lost-order/synopsis/|title=Synopsis - Steve Berry|publisher=}} Sources{{Further reading cleanup|date=October 2016}}
External links
13 : American Civil War political groups|American secret societies|Bleeding Kansas|California in the American Civil War|History of United States expansionism|Indiana in the American Civil War|James–Younger Gang|Ohio in the American Civil War|Pennsylvania in the American Civil War|Slavery in North America|Texas in the American Civil War|1854 establishments in the United States|American proslavery activists |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。