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| 释义 |
| name = {{background color|darkblue|{{font color|white|Kolkata Metro}}}} | imagesize = | image = KMRC-KOLMETRO.png | image2 = Kolkata Metro.jpg | native_name = | locale = Kolkata, West Bengal, {{flag|India}} | transit_type = Rapid Transit | lines = 1 | stations = 24 Stations | website = {{Unbulleted list|{{nowrap|Metro Railway}} |KMRC}} | ridership = Over 700,000 | annual_ridership = | chief_executive = P. C. Sharma GM (Metro Railway) | headquarters = Metro Railway, Kolkata, Metro Rail Bhavan, 33/1 J.L. Nehru Road, Kolkata - 700071[1] Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation, HRBC Complex, KMRCL Bhawan, 2nd & 3rd Floor, Munsi Premchand Sarani, Kolkata - 700021[2] | began_operation = {{start date and age|df=yes|24 October 1984}} | operator = Metro Railway, Kolkata Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation | marks = | vehicles =27 | train_length =8 Coaches | headway = 5, 6, 8, 10, 15 Minutes | system_length = 27.22 km | track_gauge = {{Track gauge|1676mm}} (Broad gauge) for Line 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 {{Track gauge|sg}} (Standard gauge) for Line 2 | ogauge = | minimum_radius_of_curvature = | el = 750 V DC Third Rail | average_speed =55-60 KMPH | top_speed = | map = | map_name = | map_state = |alt=|caption=|owner=|area served=|line_number=|start=|end=|weekly_ridership=|character=}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}} The Kolkata Metro is a rapid transit system serving the Kolkata metropolitan area in the Indian state of West Bengal. The network currently consists of one operational line of 27.22 km from Noapara to Kavi Subhash with five other lines in various phases of construction. The Kolkata Metro was the first metro railway in India, opening for commercial services from 1984. On 29 December 2010, Metro Railway, Kolkata became the 17th zone of the Indian Railways, operated by the Ministry of Railways. There are 300 metro services daily carrying over 700,000 passengers making it the second busiest metro system in India.[3] HistoryAn East-West railway connection for the city was proposed in 1921 by Harley Dalrymple-Hay during the British Raj, but it was ultimately not undertaken due to a lack of funds.[4] The then Chief Minister of West Bengal, Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, reconceived the idea of building an Underground Railway for Kolkata in the early 1950s. A survey was done by a team of French experts, but nothing concrete came of this. Efforts to solve the problem by augmenting the existing fleet of public transport vehicles hardly helped, since roads accounted for only 4.2% of the surface area in Kolkata, compared with 25% in Delhi and even 30% in other cities. With the goal of finding alternative solutions to alleviate the suffering of commuters, the Metropolitan Transport Project (Railways) (MTP) was set up in 1969.[5] The MTP (Rlys), with help of Soviet specialists (Lenmetroproekt) and East German engineers, prepared a master plan to provide five rapid-transit (metro) lines for the city of Kolkata, totalling a route length of 97.5 km in 1971.[6] However, only three were selected for construction. These were:
Of these, the highest priority was given to the busy north-south axis between Dum Dum and Tollygunge over a length of 16.45 km, and the work on this project was sanctioned on 1 June 1972. The foundation stone of the project was laid by Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India, on 29 December 1972 and the construction work started in 1973-74. In those early days of Kolkata Metro, the planning, thought processing, and political facilitation of the whole project was borne almost single-handedly by the then Union Railway Minister from West Bengal - A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury - often against (and to the chagrin of) the prevailing socio-political stance of his contemporaries in the West Bengal government. From the start of construction, the project had to contend with several problems including insufficient funds (until 1977-78), a shifting of underground utilities, court injunctions, and an irregular supply of vital materials. Despite the difficulties faced, services began on 24 October 1984, with the commissioning of a partial commercial service covering a distance of 3.40 km[6] with five stations served in between Esplanade and Bhowanipur (currently Netaji Bhavan). The first metro was driven by Tapan Kumar Nath and Sanjoy Sil. The service was quickly followed by commuter services on another 2.15 km stretch in the north between Dum Dum and Belgachhia on 12 November 1984. The commuter service was extended up to Tollygunge on 29 April 1986 covering a further distance of 4.24 km making the service available over a distance of 9.79 km and covering 11 stations. However, the services on the north section were suspended with effect from 26 October 1992, as this isolated small section was little used. After a gap of more than eight years, the 1.62 km Belgachhia-Shyambazaar section, along with the Dum Dum-Belgachhia stretch, was opened on 13 August 1994. Another 0.71 km stretch from Esplanade to Chandni Chowk was commissioned shortly afterwards, on 2 October 1994. The Shyambazaar-Shobhabazar-Girish Park (1.93 km) and Chandni Chowk-Central (0.60 km) sections were opened on 19 February 1995. Services on the entire stretch of the Metro were introduced from 27 September 1995 by bridging the vital gap of 1.80 km in the middle. [7]In the final stage, the extension of Line 1 to an elevated corridor from Tollygunge to New Garia was constructed and opened in two phases, Mahanayak Uttam Kumar to Kavi Nazrul in 2009 and Kavi Nazrul to Kavi Subhash in 2010. The latest extension constructed was the 2.59 km elevated corridor from Dum Dum to Noapara on 10 July 2013. In 2009, a large number of stations on Line 1 were renamed by then Minister of Railways Mamata Banerjee, who hails from Kolkata.[8] The state government has also prepared a detailed project report on a proposed extension of East West Metro (Kolkata Metro Line 2) from Howrah Maidan to Santragachhi. Rites, the implementing agency for the 10 km East-West Metro extension project from Howrah Maidan to Santragachhi bus terminus, is set to start work on the corridor early in 2017.[9] PlanningIn 2010, the Railway Ministry announced plans for the construction of five new metro lines and an extension of the existing North-South corridor. These new projects are:
Major modifications
Operational
Network{{main|List of Kolkata metro stations}}
Line 1 (Noapara-Kavi Subhash Metro){{Main|Kolkata Metro Line 1}}Line 1 has a total length of {{convert|27|km|mi}} serving 24 stations of which 15 are underground. It has a combination of elevated, ground-level and underground lines and uses {{convert|5+1/2|ft|m|abbr=off|spell=in}} of Indian gauge, a broad gauge rolling stock. It was the first underground railway to be built in India, with the first trains running in October 1984, and the full stretch that had been initially planned was completed and operational by February 1995. On 28 December 2010, it became the 17th zone of the Indian Railways.[12] The New Delhi Metro, which opened in 2002, is the second such urban metro rail network in India. It had benefitted from the expertise gained during the Kolkata metro construction. In being the country's first metro and constructed as a completely indigenous process, the Kolkata Metro was more of a trial-and-error affair, in contrast to the Delhi Metro, which has also seen the involvement of numerous international consultants. As a result, it took nearly 23 years to completely construct a 17 km underground railway.[13] Line 2 (East-West Metro){{main|Kolkata Metro Line 2}}East-West Metro, a {{INR}}4874.6 crore (US$750 million) project to connect Kolkata with Howrah by an underwater metro line, below the Hooghly river, was given the go-ahead by the central government.[14] The length was supposed to be 14.67 km (8.9 km underground and 5.77 km elevated). This line will be constructed and maintained by a separate body named Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation (KMRC). However, in January 2011 KMRC and the entire East West (EW) metro corridor, was taken over by the Ministry of Railways from the Ministry of Urban development and the state government of West Bengal. Now the East-West Metro's majority stake is with the Indian Railways and the remainder is as a loan from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation.The West Bengal government had earlier appointed Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited to conduct a feasibility study of the project, after which the government had to then put the project on hold due to funding issues. The underwater metro plan was thought of when the first metro service was inaugurated in Kolkata in 1984 by former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The route is to cover 12 stations (6 elevated, 6 underground) and go under the river through a tunnel. The foundation stone was laid on 22 February 2009. The construction of line 2 started in March 2009. However the project was stalled several times due to land acquisition and slum relocation issues. A major realignment was done in June, 2016 which increased the length to 16.55 km (10.81 km underground, 5.77 km elevated). The proposed intersection with Line 1 and Line 3 will be at Esplanade. The delays along with foreign currency losses has led to an 80% cost escalation of the project to nearly {{INR}}9000 crore (US$1.5 billion).[15] The East-West Metro will run from Salt Lake, Sector 5 (in the east) to Howrah Maidan (in the west). Phase I of the project from Sector V to Sealdah and a distance of 9 km is expected to be operational by June, 2018. Phase II of the project between Sealdah and Howrah Maidan, a distance of 7 km is expected to be operational by August, 2019.[15] The rolling stock will be supplied by BEML at a cost of {{INR}}900 crore, which will consist of 14 train sets, of 6 coaches each, with Propulsion system by Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan.[16] Trains will be air conditioned, and all stations will be equipped with platform screen doors. It will run on standard ({{convert|4|ft|8.5|in|abbr=on|disp=or|sigfig=4|mm}}) gauge, unlike line 1, which runs on broad ({{convert|5|ft|6|in|abbr=on|disp=or|sigfig=4|mm}}) gauge. Between Lal Dighi and Howrah Station, the metro will run under the Hooghly River – the first underwater metro in India. The line will be elevated between Salt Lake Sector 5 and Salt Lake Stadium, and the remaining stretch will be underground. Transfer stations will be located at Sealdah and Howrah. A new elevated extension from Central Park to Haldiram has been sanctioned, a distance of 5.5 km at a budget of {{INR}}674 crore.[17] From Haldiram the passengers can take the Line 6 metro to Airport. Line 3 (Joka-Esplanade Metro){{main|Kolkata Metro Line 3}}A 16.72 km long metro line from Joka (in extreme South Kolkata) and Esplanade (in central Kolkata) is under construction.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} It is being built by RVNL and the tender has gone to Simplex Infrastructures. Proposed stations on this route:[18]
The proposed Esplanade station will not to be the same as that of Line 1 (North-South Metro) but a completely different station which will also serve Line 2 . Park Street will also serve as an interchange between Line 3 and Line 1. Line 4 (Noapara-Barasat Metro){{main|Kolkata Metro Line 4}}The project to build an 18.5 km line from Noapara to Barasat via Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport[19] is sanctioned and construction work has commenced.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} The proposed stations on this route are[20]
The route was further altered in 2016, and now the New Garia line will continue till Barasat and the Dum Dum Noapara line will extend and terminate at Biman Bandar. According to the altered plan, the Dum Dum-airport-Barasat link on an elevated corridor will end at Biman Bandar station of the suburban network.[21] Line 5 (Baranagar-Barrackpore Metro){{main|Kolkata Metro Line 5}}The Baranagar-Barrackpore Metro (Line 5) (12.40 km) was meant to enable a quicker commute from the northern suburbs to South Kolkata. As of February 2015, however, this project was unlikely to be executed as metro construction would affect the water pipelines along Barrackpore Trunk Road.[22] Eleven metro stations were planned on this route. The stations are -
There is a proposal to continue this line through the Kalyani Expressway. Line 6 (Kavi Subhash–Jai Hind Metro){{main|Kolkata Metro Line 6}}A connection between New Garia and the Airport (29.1 km) via E M Bypass, Saltlake and Rajarhat has started; it will help to reduce travel time between the southern fringes of Kolkata to Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport. The work on this New Garia-Airport line was inaugurated by Mamata Banerjee on 7 February 2011 with a project deadline of six years.[23] The link between Kavi Subhas (New Garia) and the airport, to be set up at a cost of Rs4 billion, will have 24 stations with the terminal Airport station being an underground one. The stations, as declared of now, will be named after eminent personalities.[23]
This line will continue till Barasat and Dum Dum - Noapara Line will extend and terminate at Biman Bandar.[21] Further expansionIn 2012, RITES, the railways PSU, was surveying 16 new routes for connecting the suburban areas to the city.[24] The key routes surveyed were:
InfrastructureRolling stockThe rolling stock of Kolkata Metro Line 1 uses Indian gauge a broad gauge track which is manufactured by Integral Coach Factory, Chennai (ICF), and the electrical components are manufactured by NGEF, Bangalore. Initially, the rolling stock fleet was composed of 4-car rakes. Over the years there has been considerable expansion to the network, both underground and on elevated sections. With the increase in traffic, 8-car rake formation has become a standard for the Kolkata Metro. Presently there are 18 Non AC rakes and 13 AC rakes. Out of the 18 Non AC rakes, 11 will be phased out gradually since they have outlived their normal life of 25 years. The remaining 7 rakes are still in good condition so they will be refurbished and put into service in a phased manner. Until now, three types of trains have been used by Kolkata metro; these are -
Stations and electrificationKolkata metro has 24 stations, 15 of which are underground, 7 are elevated and 2 stations are at grade. All the underground stations have island platforms except Park Street which has side platforms. While all the elevated stations have side platforms, Noapara has island platforms and since it will be the hub station for Line 1 and Line 4 it has 4 platforms having a length of 182m. The standard length of platforms in Kolkata Metro is 170m. The metro stations of Gitanjali & Netaji have the shortest platforms of 163m.[30] The average length between any two stations is 1.14 km. The shortest distance is 0.597 km between Central and Chandni Chowk, whereas the longest distance is 2.15 km between Dum Dum and Belgachia. Since the electrification of Kolkata metro is of the 3rd Rail, 750 V DC, electricity substations were built in Jatin Das Park, Central, Shyambazar.[31] The type of tracks are ballast-less with M1A track fittings. Signalling and frequencyKolkata metro trains operate on typical Indian Railways automatic signalling technology. A Route Relay Interlocking System has been provided at Mahanayak Uttam Kumar and Noapara carshed and are in operation to facilitate the prompt withdrawal and injection of rakes as well as performing shunting operations inside the car shed, required for maintenance purposes. Train Protection & Warning System(TPWS) is provided on the entire stretch of the Metro Railway. This system is designed to prevent collision caused by human (operator) error.[32] Train Describer System and Auto Train Charting have also been provided to help the operartion control centre to monitor and plan train movement on a real time basis.[33] The Metro Railway operates between 06:45 and 21:55 hours, running every 7 minutes and every 5 minutes during peak hours on weekdays. Metro runs on Sundays between the hours of 09:50 to 21:55 hours. A number of 270 trains run everyday during week days, 205 on Saturdays and 92 on Sundays. ServicesThe Kolkata Metro provides seats in every compartment which are reserved for women and senior citizens. Though most Metro stations are equipped with air conditioners and water coolers there are some stations like Central is not fully air conditioned and also a few metro rakes are air conditioned. TokensAfter using the magnetic ticketing system for 27 years from 1984 to 2011, Kolkata Metro introduced Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tokens by Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS) from 2011. The old magnetic strip reader gates were replaced by new RFID readers. Smart cardAfter introducing RFID tokens, Kolkata metro introduced a Smart Card service introduced by Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS). These smart cards are multi-programmable and commuters can opt for the various multi-ride schemes. The general smart card is most popular among daily commuters to avoid the queue. SecurityAll stations are equipped with closed-circuit cameras and metal detectors, making the metro the safest form of transport in Kolkata.[34] Taking photographs and smoking are strictly prohibited in the metro premises. Departments of Metro Railway, KolkataPublic Relations, Accounts, Electrical, Vigilance, Traffic, Engineering, Signal & Telecommunications, Personnel, Medical, Stores etc.[35] Kolkata Metro snapshot
See also{{Portal|Railways in India}}{{colbegin}}
References1. ^http://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in 2. ^ 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Metro-will-run-more-than-300-services-shortly/articleshow/54272650.cms|title=300 and more, metro services|last=|first=|date=11 September 2016|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} 4. ^https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/metro-missed-the-train-to-piccadilly/cid/1286509 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kmrc.in/overview.php |title=Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Ltd |website=Kmrc.in |date= |accessdate=2016-01-27}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.kmrc.in/overview.php |title=Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Ltd |publisher=Kmrc.in |date= |accessdate=2016-01-27}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283|title= History|accessdate=2013-07-18}} 8. ^https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/game-of-the-name/cid/1266496 9. ^{{cite news|title=2017 start for Howrah EW Metro|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/2017-start-for-Howrah-EW-Metro/articleshow/55734781.cms|newspaper=Times of India}} 10. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-prepares-completion-calendar-for-city-projects/articleshow/59463303.cms|title=Metro prepares completion calendar for city projects|publisher= Times of India|accessdate=6 July 2017}} 11. ^https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/e-w-1st-run-pushed-back-to-march-funds-crunch-looms/articleshow/64924372.cms 12. ^{{cite news|title=Kolkata Metro is now the 17th zone of Indian Railways|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/india/28264643_1_metro-railway-kolkata-metro-foundation-stone |accessdate=29 December 2010|newspaper=The Times of India|date=29 December 2010}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_gA1FDJUp4mU/TK6d-sDE59I/AAAAAAAAA4k/lagES4UM_w0/s1600/Underground_Metro,_Calcutta.JPG |format=JPG |title=Photograph of carriage interior |website=3.bp.blogspot.com |accessdate=2016-01-27}} 14. ^ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010062814/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1847058%2C000600010003.htm|date=10 October 2007}} 15. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/East-West-Metro-project-cost-to-shoot-up-to-nearly-Rs-9000-cr/articleshow/52590594.cms|title=East West Metro project cost to shoot up to nearly Rs 9,000 cr - Times of India|access-date=2016-09-25}} 16. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Central-PSU-wins-Rs-900-crore-Metro-rake-order/articleshow/50661128.cms|title=Central PSU wins Rs 900-crore Metro rake order - Times of India|access-date=2016-09-25}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsmen.in/news-item/mixed-bag-for-bengal-in-railway-budget-2016-kolkata-gets-new-metro-route/|title=Mixed bag for Bengal in Railway Budget 2016; Kolkata gets new Metro route|date=2016-02-25|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-25}} 18. ^{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-10/kolkata/28288158_1_metro-route-east-west-metro-metro-services | work=The Times Of India | title=Joka-Eplanade Metro on the anvil | date=10 July 2010}} 19. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090729/jsp/calcutta/story_11295327.jsp | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=Sanjay | last=Mandal | title=Circle of Metro commute | date=29 July 2009}} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=355377&catid=72 |title=Dum Dum-Barrackpore Metro project awaits state nod |publisher=Thestatesman.net |date= |accessdate=2012-07-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609190311/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=355377&catid=72 |archivedate=9 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 21. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120402/jsp/calcutta/story_15323872.jsp#.WFeU7Bt97Dc|title=Track tweak for airport link|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=2016-12-19}} 22. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150226/jsp/calcutta/story_5564.jsp#.VTDELPmUeYw | work=The Telegraph | title=Going going... RIP Barrackpore Metro | date=26 February 2015}} 23. ^1 {{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Rail set to take over East-West | date=8 February 2011}} 24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Survey-of-16-new-Metro-routes/articleshow/11331304.cms|title=Survey of 16 new Metro routes - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-27}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,391,400|title=Salient Data on rolling stock|accessdate=2013-06-30}} 26. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100716/jsp/calcutta/story_12690099.jsp|title=First look: your swank AC Metro|accessdate=2013-06-30}} 27. ^{{cite web |last1=Basak |first1=Probal |title=Modern Chinese rakes for Kolkata Metro |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/modern-chinese-rakes-for-kolkata-metro-115061700716_1.html |website=Business Standard India |accessdate=5 March 2019 |date=20 June 2015}} 28. ^{{cite web |title=Metro rake from China off vessel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/metro-rake-from-china-off-vessel/cid/1686223 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |accessdate=5 March 2019 |language=en}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/kolkata-metrometro-to-get-new-generation-rakes-by-july-2016/|title=Kolkata Metro{{!}}Metro to get new-generation rakes by July 2016 {{!}} {{!}} Metro rail News|website=www.metrorailnews.in|access-date=2016-09-25}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100526/jsp/calcutta/story_12488820.jsp|title=Platforms at two stations shorter than stipulated |date=26 May 2010 |accessdate=2013-06-30}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,375,376|title=Existing Features |accessdate=2013-06-30}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-03/kolkata/37409504_1_ac-rakes-conventional-rakes-konkan-railway|title=Automatic warning to make Metro safer |date=3 March 2013|accessdate=2013-06-30}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,394,407|title=Existing Signalling System |accessdate=2013-06-30}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_kolkata-metro-to-install-x-ray-baggage-scanners_1749283|title=Kolkata metro to install x-ray baggage scanners|work=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 October 2012|accessdate=2012-11-07}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://mba.ind.in/forum/metro-railway-kolkata-19179.html |title=Metro Railway Kolkata - 2013 MBA |publisher=Mba.ind.in |date= |accessdate=2013-04-22}} External links{{Commons category}}
7 : Underground rapid transit in India|Railway lines opened in 1984|Kolkata Metro|Standard gauge railways in India|5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India|750 V DC railway electrification|Airport rail links in India |
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