| 词条 | Kombolcha |
| 释义 |
| official_name = Kombolcha | native_name = ኮምቦልቻ | image_skyline = Kombolcha2.jpg | imagesize = 200px | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of the Amhara Region.svg | image_seal = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ethiopia | coordinates = {{coord|11|5|12|N|39|44|12|E|region:ET|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Ethiopia | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_type2 = Zone | subdivision_name1 = Amhara Region | subdivision_name2 = Debub Wollo Zone | established_title = | established_date = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 1842 | elevation_ft = | population_total = 188,667 | population_as_of = 2007 | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_metro = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | website = | footnotes = | timezone = EAT | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = }} Kombolcha (Amharic: ኮምቦልቻ) is a city and woreda in north-central Ethiopia. Located in the Debub Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region, it has a latitude and longitude of {{coord|11|5|N|39|44|E}} with an elevation between 1842 and 1915 meters above sea level. Some guide books describe Kombolcha as the twin city of Dessie which lies some 13 km to the northwest. HistoryOriginsTadesse Tamrat records that archeologists discovered "some remains of Christian settlements", dated to the late first millennium of the current era.[1] 19th CenturyWhen the missionary Johann Ludwig Krapf was led as a prisoner from Adare Bille's capital to the Teledere House of the Wollo Oromo in April 1843 he passed Kombolcha, which he described as a village near the source of the Borkana River.[2] 20th CenturyKombolcha was described during the Italian occupation as having postal and telephone service, a clinic, a spaccio ("tobacco shop"), barrack village of the A.A.S.S. as well as other improvements intended for Italians.[3] Kombolcha was used as a base by the United Nations relief organization and other humanitarian groups during the 1984 famine. On 19 November 1989 the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) claimed to have captured Kombolcha. However, the highway from Kombolcha to Assab was not fully brought under TPLF control until the Derg was expelled from Tigray later that year.[3] DemographicsBased on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), Kombolcha woreda has a total population of 85,367, of whom 41,968 are men and 43,399 women; 58,667 or 68.72% are urban inhabitants living in town of Kombolcha, the rest of population is living at rural kebeles around Kombolcha. The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 73.92% reporting that as their religion, while 23.44% of the population said they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and 2.32% were Protestants.[4] The 1994 national census reported a total population for Kombolcha of 39,466 in 8,643 households, of whom 18,995 were men and 20,471 were women. The three largest ethnic groups reported in this town were the Amhara (91.34%), Tigrayan (5.85%), and the Oromo (1.29%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.52% of the population. Amharic was spoken as a first language by 93.02%, 5.2% Tigrinya, and 1.11% spoke Oromiffa; the remaining 0.67% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 57.42% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 41.71% of the population said they professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.[5] Climate{{Weather box|location = Kombolcha (extremes 1908–present) |metric first = y |single line = y |Jan record high C = 32.3 |Feb record high C = 32.9 |Mar record high C = 32.3 |Apr record high C = 32.5 |May record high C = 35.2 |Jun record high C = 34.5 |Jul record high C = 35.2 |Aug record high C = 32.4 |Sep record high C = 32.3 |Oct record high C = 29.4 |Nov record high C = 30.7 |Dec record high C = 29.0 |year record high C = 35.2 |Jan high C = 23.9 |Feb high C = 24.6 |Mar high C = 25.4 |Apr high C = 26.6 |May high C = 28.2 |Jun high C = 29.9 |Jul high C = 27.5 |Aug high C = 26.1 |Sep high C = 25.4 |Oct high C = 24.6 |Nov high C = 24.0 |Dec high C = 23.4 |year high C = 25.8 |Jan mean C = 17.2 |Feb mean C = 18.4 |Mar mean C = 19.7 |Apr mean C = 20.4 |May mean C = 21.7 |Jun mean C = 23.3 |Jul mean C = 21.6 |Aug mean C = 20.6 |Sep mean C = 19.9 |Oct mean C = 18.4 |Nov mean C = 17.1 |Dec mean C = 16.6 |year mean C = 19.6 |Jan low C = 9.4 |Feb low C = 10.5 |Mar low C = 11.8 |Apr low C = 12.6 |May low C = 12.6 |Jun low C = 13.7 |Jul low C = 13.3 |Aug low C = 12.9 |Sep low C = 12.4 |Oct low C = 9.8 |Nov low C = 8.1 |Dec low C = 8.4 |year low C = 11.3 |Jan record low C = 0.2 |Feb record low C = 1.1 |Mar record low C = 2.8 |Apr record low C = 5.4 |May record low C = 5.0 |Jun record low C = 5.1 |Jul record low C = 4.5 |Aug record low C = 4.5 |Sep record low C = 2.0 |Oct record low C = 0.3 |Nov record low C = 0.2 |Dec record low C = 0.0 |year record low C = 0.0 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 29 |Feb rain mm = 39 |Mar rain mm = 80 |Apr rain mm = 89 |May rain mm = 64 |Jun rain mm = 32 |Jul rain mm = 253 |Aug rain mm = 246 |Sep rain mm = 122 |Oct rain mm = 32 |Nov rain mm = 20 |Dec rain mm = 19 |year rain mm = 1027 |unit rain days = 1.0 mm |Jan rain days = 3 |Feb rain days = 5 |Mar rain days = 9 |Apr rain days = 9 |May rain days = 8 |Jun rain days = 4 |Jul rain days = 20 |Aug rain days = 21 |Sep rain days = 14 |Oct rain days = 4 |Nov rain days = 2 |Dec rain days = 2 |year rain days = 101 |Jan humidity = 58 |Feb humidity = 56 |Mar humidity = 62 |Apr humidity = 58 |May humidity = 46 |Jun humidity = 35 |Jul humidity = 56 |Aug humidity = 64 |Sep humidity = 62 |Oct humidity = 61 |Nov humidity = 56 |Dec humidity = 57 |year humidity = 56 |source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst[6] |source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[7] }} EconomyTransportationKombolcha is connected with Dessie through Ethiopian Highway 2. This city shares Kombolcha Airport with neighboring Dessie. The city is served by a station on the Awash–Weldiya Railway. IndustryKombolcha is also home to Kombolcha Steel products, a metalworking factory that is part of MIDROC, a conglomerate owned by businessman Sheikh Mohammed Al Amoudi.[8] Another industry in this town is the Kombolcha Textile Factory (KTF), which announced 9 March 2009 that it was beginning a 190 million Birr modernization project to improve the quality of its projects. At the time of the announcement, the KTF exported its goods to Italy, Sweden, Belgium and China.[9] The $90 million Kombolcha Industrial Park was inaugurated by PM Hailemariam Desalegn and has attracted companies from the US, South Korea and Italy.[10] EducationWollo University and Kombolcha Institute of Technology offering courses at the undergraduate and graduate level. Notes1. ^Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 37 n. 4 {{Cities of Ethiopia}}.{{Woredas of the Debub Wollo Zone}}2. ^[https://archive.org/stream/journalsofrevmes00isen/journalsofrevmes00isen_djvu.txt Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society, Detailing their proceedings in the kingdom of Shoa, and journeys in other parts of Abyssinia, in the years 1839, 1840, 1841 and 1842], (London, 1843), p. 390 3. ^1 "Local History in Ethiopia"{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 23 February 2008) 4. ^Census 2007 Tables: Amhara Region {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114004005/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=266&format=raw&Itemid=521 |date=November 14, 2010 }}, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4. 5. ^1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region, Vol. 1, part 1 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115052151/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck03%5Ck03_partI.pdf |date=November 15, 2010 }}, Tables 2.1, 2.7, 2.10, 2.13, 2.17, Annex II.2 (accessed 9 April 2009) 6. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_633330_kt.pdf| title = Klimatafel von Combolcha (Kombolcha), Provinz Wollo (Welo) / Äthiopien| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst| language = German| accessdate = 31 March 2019}} 7. ^{{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1831| title = Station Combolcha| publisher = Météo Climat | language = French | accessdate = 31 March 2019}} 8. ^"Kombolcha Steel Industry Goes into Production" (Addis Tribune, last accessed 26 October 2007) 9. ^"Factory executing 190 mln birr modernizing project", Walta Information Center (accessed 13 March 2009) 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.investethiopia.gov.et/about-us/how-we-can-help?id=469|title=Kombolcha industrial park inaugurated|last=|first=|date=|website=Ethiopian Investment Commission|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 2 : Populated places in the Amhara Region|Districts of Ethiopia |
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