“Land Command”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Land Command (or 'HQ Land') was a military command and part of the structure of the modern British Army 1995-2008. Its headquarters was located at Erskine Barracks, at Fugglestone St Peter some four kilometres North West of Salisbury in Wiltshire.

It assumed control of virtually all Army combat and combat support troops on 1 April 1995. Three major exceptions were Cyprus, British Forces Falklands Islands, and Northern Ireland, where the General Officer Commanding reported to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland for operations in support of the civil power.

UK land commands 1972–1995

The headquarters was formed from Southern Command at Erskine Barracks near Fugglestone (Wilton, Wiltshire) on 1 April 1968 and was initially referred to as HQ Army Strategic Command (STRATCO). Its major task was to direct the strategic reserves of the British Army. Its first commander was Lieutenant General Sir John Mogg KCB, CBE, DSO. It commanded most of the UK-based field forces for all matters except local administration.^[1]

Army Strategic Command consisted of two divisions, 3rd and 5th Infantry Divisions, and command troops. 3rd Division controlled 5th Infantry Brigade, 19th, 24th Infantry Brigades and 16th Parachute Brigade. 3rd Division was also responsible for training of the British battalion designated for the NATO ACE Mobile Force (Land).

5th Division comprised 2nd, 8th and 39 Brigades. 2nd and 8th Brigades had skeleton headquarters which were raised at about the same time as the divisional headquarters. However, 5th Infantry Division was little more than a holding organisation for battalions resting between operational commitments abroad.^[2] The division was disbanded again in 1970.

On 1 April 1972, Army Strategic Command became HQ UK Land Forces. It amalgamated the previous four existing Northern Command, Southern Command, Western Command, and Scottish Command. It had nine districts plus HQ Northern Ireland under its direction: London District (HQ in London), Eastern District, (HQ at Colchester), South Eastern District (HQ at Aldershot) (a reformation of a headquarters disbanded in 1903), South West District, (HQ at Bulford Camp), North West District (HQ at Cuerden Hall near Bamber Bridge), West Midlands District (HQ at Shrewsbury), Headquarters Wales (HQ at Brecon), North East District (HQ in York), Headquarters Scotland (HQ in Edinburgh) and Headquarters Northern Ireland (HQ at Lisburn).^[3]

North West District headquarters shifted to Fulwood Barracks, Preston, in 1977. In the early 1980s West Midlands District became HQ Western District.

Land Command, 1995-2008

In 1995, HQ UK Land Forces at Wilton assumed control of troops in Germany and most elsewhere. The remaining British Army troops in Germany, (including the core of Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps (HQ ARRC) were placed under its command after the disbandment of Headquarters British Army of the Rhine. It became HQ Land Command. HQ Land Command assumed control of almost all British Army combat and combat support units on 1 April 1995.^[4] When it was formed it included 72,000 regular troops, 3,000 personnel of the Brigade of Gurkhas, Gurkhas, 56,000 Territorial Army (TA) reservists and 12,000 Ministry of Defence civilians.

It initially embraced all operational troops in the UK, Germany (including HQ ARRC, 1st Armoured Division, and United Kingdom Support Command (Germany) (UKSC (G)), Nepal and Brunei, as well as the British Army Training Unit Suffield (Canada); British Army Training Unit Kenya; and the training team in Belize. The command represented 72% of the Army's manpower and virtually all of its fighting forces. Bringing all the army's conventional fighting forces into one command allowed the new commander-in-chief, initially General Sir John Wilsey, to better prioritise operational commitments and to reduce the higher overhead costs previously spent in maintaining four-star operational commands both in the UK and in Germany. HQ Land Command was given control of several functions previously executed by the General Staff within the Ministry of Defence (Army). These include the Operational Tour Plot for duties in Northern Ireland, to the Falkland Islands and in support of the United Nations, and the Arms Plot, the routine rotation of armoured, artillery and infantry units between postings.

Major forces not under Land Command's aegis remained British Forces Cyprus (with many units committed to the United Nations), the Falkland Islands, units under Director Special Forces, and Headquarters Northern Ireland. In the last of those, the General Officer commanding reported to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland for operations in support of the civil power.

On 1 April 2008, HQ Land Command amalgamated with HQ Adjutant General under 'Project Hyperion' and became HQ Land Forces.^[5] It moved from Erskine Barracks to the former RAF Andover site now known as Marlborough Lines on 23 June 2010.^[6]

Historical components of the organisation

Land Command was initially divided up into eight formations, each one commanded by a Major General, and several smaller units including the training units and training support units in Belize, Brunei, Canada (Suffield for armoured battlegroups and Wainwright for infantry units) and Kenya.

Divisions and Districts

Land Command was later divided in 2003, under the LANDmark reorganisation, into two suborganisations, Field Army and Regional Forces, that paralleled the Cold War structure of UKLF.^[7] Commander Field Army had two deployable divisions (1st Armoured Division, 3rd Mechanised Division), Theatre Troops, Joint Helicopter Command, and Training Support under him, while Commander Regional Forces was responsible for three regenerative Divisions (2nd Division, 4th Division, 5th Division), London District, and UK Support Command Germany. In 2007 it was announced that a new deployable divisional HQ would be established until at least 2011 as a means of meeting the UK's commitments to provide divisional HQs on a rotational basis to Regional Command (South) in Afghanistan and as the lead nation of Multi-National Division (South-East) in Iraq. This was based in York and formed around the re-established 6th Division.^[8]

HQs 2, 4, and 5 Divisions (originally referred to as Regenerative Divisions) effectively used to act as military districts in the UK itself and would only have been able to generate field formations in the event of a general war - these three divisions were disbanded in Spring 2012 and the component units were transferred to Support Command.^[9]

London District's most public concern is the administration of ceremonial units and provision of garrisons for such installations as the Tower of London. However, its primary responsibility is to maintain units directly for the defence of the capital.^[11]

Brigades

By 1999-2000, five years after the command was established, the British Army had only seven genuinely operational, deployable brigade groups – the six incorporated in 1st Armoured Division and 3rd Mechanised Division, plus 16 Air Assault Brigade. 16 Air Assault Brigade was formed as part of the 1999 Strategic Defence Review force reductions. On 1 September 1999, the brigade was formed by merging of 24 Airmobile Brigade and elements of 5th Airborne Brigade.

In November 2007, the Ministry of Defence announced the temporary creation of another deployable brigade, designated as 11 Light Brigade, which commanded the Operation Herrick rotation between October 2009 and April 2010.^[12]

3 Commando Brigade, formed predominantly by units of the Royal Marines but with significant army support, was under the direct command of the Commander-in-Chief Fleet (CINCFLEET).

The numerous other ‘brigades’ within the new Support Command were better described as regional districts whose function is to administer all Territorial Army units within their area, and to coordinate the provision of support to the civil authority if necessary, as well as home defence tasks. An example was the coordination of military support the regional brigades did during the foot and mouth disease outbreak in 2001. The fourteen new Civil Contingency Response Forces (CCRFs), each parented by a TA infantry battalion, were also linked into this structure. They form force elements which may be called on, alongside regular units, by the established chain of command (Ministry of Defence, Army Headquarters, HQ Land Forces, Support Command and Regional Brigades) in the event of a request for military assistance by the civil authorities.^[13]

There were a number of specialist brigades which bring together under a single administrative apparatus several units performing similar functions. There were two logistic brigades 102 Logistic Brigade in Germany and 101 Logistic Brigade which contained logistic units to support the two deployable divisions directly. They were formed from the original Combat Service Support Groups (Germany) ((CSSG (G)) and CSSG (United Kingdom) (CSSG (UK)). Additionally 104 Logistic Support Brigade operated the specialist units needed to deploy a force overseas such as pioneers, movements and port units. These brigades came under the authority of the GOC, Theatre Troops.^[14]

UK Land Forces formations, December 1989

In December 1989, Headquarters UK Land Forces at Wilton directed field forces through a three-star's command, Commander UK Field Army.^[15] Many of the units stationed in the United Kingdom were to move immediately to Germany to reinforce British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) in case of war between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. For administrative purposes these units were under command of brigade HQ based in the UK during peacetime. Such reinforcement units are shown in the list below in italics followed by the higher command they were to reinforce in Germany in brackets.

General Officer Commanding, Army Strategic Command

Commander-in-Chief, UK Land Forces

Commander-in-Chief, Land Command

Further reading

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C5800|publisher=Ministry of Defence|title= HQ Army Strategic Command: Reports|accessdate=12 April 2018}}
2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNm0n9SwRQIC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=2nd,+8th,+and+39th+Brigades+5th+division+1971&source=bl&ots=c67P2kGbNM&sig=OEiyqNBibu3datIn711WcMz_eEM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xx4NUa6tJ4qL0AXq5oD4Bw&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=2nd%2C%208th%2C%20and%2039th%20Brigades%205th%20division%201971&f=false|title=The British Army in Germany: An Organizational History 1947–2004|first=Graham|last=Watson|year=2005|publisher=Tiger Lily Publications LLC|isbn=978-0972029698|pages=123–124}}
3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l43JDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=HQ+UK+Land+Forces+1972+9+district+headquarters&source=bl&ots=zuQRUKE98F&sig=mAYrbmeYQvaNvTI27Okad3kLplQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjelKbg8M7fAhXTqHEKHYonBjUQ6AEwBXoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=HQ%20UK%20Land%20Forces%201972%209%20district%20headquarters&f=false|page=104|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1972-73: The Encyclopaedia for the Businessman-of-The-World|first= J.|last= Paxton|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|year=1972|isbn=978-0-230-27101-2}}
4. ^"Land Command Shapes Up", Jane's Defence Weekly, 15 July 1995.
5. ^HQ Land Forces on the move {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307005327/http://www.drumbeat.org.uk/resources/133JUN08.PDF |date=7 March 2012 }} Drumbeat, June 2008
6. ^Andover becomes HQ Land Forces on 23 June Andover Advertiser, 29 April 2010
7. ^Lt Col Richard Quinlan, R Signals, HQ Theatre Troops, in News From Formations, The Wire, April 2003, p.127
8. ^{{cite web | url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmhansrd/cm070726/wmstext/70726m0002.htm | work=Hansard | title=Defence | date=26 July 2007 | accessdate=6 February 2014 }}
9. ^Defence equipment budget rises as Future Force takes shape - MOD, 18/07/11
10. ^[https://www.army.mod.uk/structure/27886.aspx British Forces Germany]
11. ^HQ London District
12. ^11 Brigade will provide vital support to Afghan operations {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114002141/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/DefencePolicyAndBusiness/11BrigadeWillProvideVitalSupportToAfghanOperations.htm |date=14 November 2007 }}
13. ^Hansard 24/02/03 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030853/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030224/text/30224w32.htm |date=30 September 2007 }}
14. ^Royal Logistics Corps and Port logistics
15. ^Antony Beevor, "Inside the British Army", Corgi Books, 1989 and 1991.
16. ^¹²Army Commands {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211343/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf |date=July 5, 2015 }}