“Konrad von Marburg”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Konrad von Marburg (sometimes anglicised as Conrad of Marburg) (1180 – 30 July 1233) was a medieval German priest and nobleman. He was commissioned by the pope to combat the Albigensians.

Biography

Konrad's early life is not well known, but he was described by contemporary church sources as well educated and highly knowledgeable. It is possible that he received a university education.^[1] He was also noted for his strong asceticism and his oppressive zeal in defending the church.^[2] Konrad long was considered to have been a member of the Dominican Order, but modern scholarly consensus holds that he was not.

Much of his early work within the church was related to the suppression of heresy, and he took an active part in the Albigensian Crusade in southern France. Pope Innocent III, who championed the Medieval Inquisition, was one of Konrad's early supporters. Eventually, however, Konrad returned to Germany, the land of his birth. He gradually acquired a position of considerable influence at the court of Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia.^[1] In particular, Konrad was employed by Louis' wife, St. Elizabeth of Hungary, to whom Konrad acted as spiritual director.

After receiving a commission from the Archbishop of Mainz, Siegfried II,^[3] Konrad set to work seeking out heresy in both Thuringia and Hesse, and quickly gained a reputation for being unreasonable and unjust. According to most accounts, Konrad accepted almost any accusation as true, and regarded suspects as guilty until proven innocent.^[4] Those accused of being heretics were quickly sought out by Konrad's mobs, and told to repent or else be burnt at the stake. Those accused of heresy were also encouraged to denounce others, with the implication that their own lives might be spared if they did so. Konrad included commoners, nobles and priests in his inquisition: Heinrich Minnike, Provost of Goslar, was one of Konrad's first targets, and was burnt at the stake.

In 1227 Pope Gregory IX commissioned Konrad to eliminate heresy throughout the whole of Germany, granting him permission to ignore standard church procedure for the investigation of heresy. The pope also issued the papal bull Vox in Rama in response to Konrad's allegations, condemning Luciferian,^[5]^[6] and in 1233, Konrad accused Henry II, Count of Sayn, of taking part in "satanic orgies". Henry, however, appealed to an assembly of bishops in Mainz where they decided to postpone a verdict to the discontent of both parties.^[7]^[8]

Konrad, refused to accept the decision and demanded that a verdict be reached, but eventually gave up and left Mainz to return to Marburg. On the road, he was attacked by several knights, who killed both Konrad and his assistant, a Franciscan friar named Gerhard Lutzelkolb. The knights may have been in the service of Henry.

After Konrad's death, Pope Gregory declared Konrad to have been an upholder of the Christian faith and ordered his killers punished. Perceptions in the German Empire, however, were markedly less favorable, and the memory of Konrad was enough to turn opinion against the Italian Inquisition for many years. Not only locally, and not diminishing over the centuries, the name of Konrad von Marburg became a byword for sadism and the dark side of Catholicism.

The place where Konrad was killed, Hof Kapelle near Marburg, is marked with a stone (within the premises of a private farm); it was locally long believed to be haunted and is allegedly today on certain days the site of black rites. A fountain on the lower Steinweg, one of Marburg's main lanes, close to St. Elisabeth Church, which in some neo-gothic restoration attempt was topped with the effigy of a generic monk that was locally believed to represent Konrad, was continuously stoned by the students of the University of Marburg, and after many attempts at replacement, had to be substituted with an architectural ornament.

Konrad appears in a work by the English novelist Charles Kingsley, who wrote his Saint's Tragedy about Elisabeth.

Popular culture

Konrad von Marburg is pictured as the main character in the French comic strip "The Third Testament" by Xavier Dorison and Alex Alice. After hiding for 20 years after being sentenced to death by an Inquisition Tribunal framed by Henry of Sayn, a mellowed and weary Konrad again faces the mysterious Count of Sayn in a race to find a legendary document, the “Third Testament”. The story is a 4-part suite published by Glénat.

See also

References

1. ^¹Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Conrad of Marburg." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 13 Dec. 2012
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Sullivan|first1=Karen|title=The inner lives of medieval inquisitors|date=2011|publisher=Chicago ; London : University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226781679}}
3. ^Kieckhefer, Repression of Heresy in Medieval Germany (1979)
4. ^{{cite book|last1=Clifton|first1=Chas|title=Encyclopedia of heresies and heretics|date=1992|publisher=Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780874366006}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Jennifer Kolpacoff Deane|title=A History of Medieval Heresy and Inquisition|date=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-6811-2|page=197}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Barber |first1=Malcolm|year=1973 |title=Propaganda in the Middle Ages |journal=Nottingham Mediæval Studies |volume=17 |issue= |pages=42–57 |doi= |url= |accessdate= }}
7. ^{{Cite book|title=The Inquisition of the Middle Ages|last=Lea|first=Henry|publisher=The Macmillan Company|year=1961|isbn=|location=New York|pages=425}}
8. ^See Robert I. Moore, The War on Heresy. Faith and Power in Medieval Europe, London, Profile Books, 2014, p. 280-281.