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词条 Languages of South America
释义

  1. Main languages

  2. Indigenous languages

     Linguistic Classification of South America 

  3. Other languages

  4. References

  5. External links

The languages of South America can be divided into three broad groups:

  • the languages of the (in most cases, former) colonial powers
  • many indigenous languages, some of which are co-official alongside the colonial languages
  • and various pockets of other languages spoken by immigrant populations that have survived assimilation by the majority languages

The languages introduced by the process of the European colonization of the Americas are chiefly European, some of whom have given rise to the formation of creoles.

Main languages

Portuguese is the majority language of South America,[1] by a small margin.[2] Spanish, with slightly fewer speakers than Portuguese, is the second most spoken language on the continent.

Other official and majority languages in specific countries are:

  • Dutch in Suriname
  • English in Guyana and the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas).
  • French in French Guiana, an overseas department of France.

Indigenous languages

Indigenous languages of South America include, among several others, the Quechua languages in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and to a lesser extent in Argentina, Chile and Colombia; Guaraní in Paraguay and to a much lesser extent in Argentina and Bolivia; Aymara in Bolivia, Peru and to a lesser extent in Chile; Wayuu in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela; and Mapudungun in small pockets of southern Chile and Argentina.

In Bolivia, Quechua, Aymara, and Tupi Guarani are co-official alongside Spanish. In Paraguay, Guarani shares joint official status with Spanish. In Colombia, the languages of the country's ethnic groups are constitutionally recognized as official languages in their territories; more than 60 such aboriginal languages exist today. In Ecuador, Spanish, Northern Quechua and Shuar are official for intercultural relations. In Peru, Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages are co-official in the areas where they are predominant. There are many other languages once spoken in South America that are extinct today (such as the extinct languages of the Marañón River basin).

In Brazil, there are around 135 indigenous languages confirmed. The regions with the most speakers are northern and southern Brazil, where there is a larger concentration of native people. Indigenous populations have been trying to keep their traditions of their homeland, with the help of Funai, the agency responsible for the protection of the native people.

LanguageSpeakersCountries
Quechua8,900,000[3]Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile, Colombia
Guarani4,900,000[4]Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina
Aymara2,800,000[5]Bolivia, Peru

Linguistic Classification of South America

  • Macro-Chibchan
    • Chibchan
    • Chibcha-Duit, Tunebo, Arhuaco, Cuna-Cueva, Guaymi-Dorasque, Talamanca, Rama-Guatuso
    • Misumalpan, Paya, Xinca, Lenca
    • Shiriana
    • Paezan
    • Choco, Cuaiquer, Andaki, Paez-Coconuco, Colorado-Cayapa, Warrau, Mura-Matanawi, Jirajira, Yunca, Atacameno, Itonama
  • Andean-Equatorial
    • Andean
    • Ona, Yahgan, Alacaluf, Tehuelche, Puelche, Araucanian
    • Quechua, Aymara
    • Zaparoan
    • Aomurano, Cabela
    • Cahuapana
    • Leco, Sec, Culle, Xibito-Cholon, Catacao, Colan
    • Simacu
    • Jibaro-Kandoshi, Esmeralda, Cofan, Yaruro
    • Macro-Tucanoan
    • Tucano
    • Auixira
    • Catuquina, Ticuna, Muniche, Auaque, Caliana, Macu, Yuri, Canichana, Mobima
    • Puinave
    • Equatorial
    • Arawak
    • Chapacura-Uanhaman, Chamicuro, Apolista, Amuesha, Araua, Uru
    • Tupi
    • Ariqueme
    • Timote, Cariri, Zamuco, Guahibo-Pamigua, Saliban, Otomaco-Taparita, Mocoa, Tuyuneri, Yuruneri, Trumai, Cayuvava
  • Ge-Pano-Carib
    • Macro-Gê
    • Ge, Caingang, Camacan, Machacali, Puri, Patacho, Malali, Coropo, Botocudo, Chiquita, Guato, Fulnio, Oti
    • Bororo
    • Caraja
    • Macro-Panoan
    • Tacana-Pano, Moseten, Mataco, Lule, Vilela, Mascoy, Charrua, Guaycuru-Opaie

Source: [6]

Other languages

Italian is spoken by communities in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, Peru, and Venezuela.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

German is used by some in Brazil, Argentina, Guyana, Suriname, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

Speakers of Arabic (chiefly of Lebanese, Syrian or Palestinian descent), are commonly found in parts of in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Argentina, Paraguay, Chile (largest Palestinian colony outside the Middle East) and Venezuela.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

Welsh is spoken and written in the historic towns of Trelew and Rawson in the Argentine Patagonia.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

There are small Croatian, Greek, Polish, Ukrainian and Russian-speaking communities in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

There are also many Romani-speakers, originating in Eastern Europe, throughout South America particularly in Colombia, Chile, Brazil, and Argentina.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

There are Eastern European Romanian speakers, especially in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia, where Romanian populations live.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

There are also small clusters of Japanese-speakers in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia (including Okinawans from the island of Okinawa), Colombia, Paraguay, and Ecuador. Brazil currently holds the largest Japanese community outside Japan [23]

Hindustani and other Indian languages are commonly found in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

Javanese is commonly found in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

The Rapa Nui Language is a Polynesian origin found in Easter Island, Chile and Maori is also found in Easter Island.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

Most South American countries mandate the regular study of one or more of English, French, German or Italian. These countries often have advanced cultural language institutes for those respective languages centered in their major cities.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

In Brazil, Italian and German dialects, specifically Talian, East Pomeranian and Riograndenser Hunsrückisch, have co-official status alongside Portuguese in about a dozen cities, and are mandatory subjects in schools in other municipalities. Brazil's largest city Sao Paulo has large numbers of German, Italian, Japanese and Levantine Arabic speakers.{{cn|date=June 2018}} The states of Santa Catarina[24][25][26] and Rio Grande do Sul have Talian officially approved as a heritage language in these states,[27] and Espírito Santo has the East Pomeranian dialect,[28] along with the German language as cultural heritage.[29][30][31][32]

[33]

[34]
  • Languages in censuses

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/how-many-people-speak-portuguese-and-where-is-it-spoken/|title=How Many People Speak Portuguese, And Where Is It Spoken? {{!}} Babbel Magazine|last=Babbel.com|last2=GmbH|first2=Lesson Nine|website=The Babbel Magazine|language=en|access-date=2019-04-01}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://e2f.com/4751/|title=What are the 5 official languages of South America?|last=Lopez|first=Michel|website=e2f|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01}}
3. ^Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
4. ^{{e18|grn|Guarani}}
5. ^{{e18|ayr|Central Aymara}}, {{e18|ayc|Southern Aymara}}
6. ^Greenberg, Joseph H. "The general classification of Central and South American languages", in: Men and cultures; selected papers of the 5th international congress of anthropological and ethnologicalsciences, Philadelphia, September 1956 PP. 791-4
7. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20160924145907/http://www.jornalcidadesdaserra.com.br/camara-bento-projeto-do-executivo-e-aprovado-e-talian-se-torna-a-lingua-co-oficial/ Câmara Bento – Projeto do Executivo é aprovado e Talian se torna a língua co-oficial]
8. ^Lei confirma o Talian como segunda língua oficial de Caxias do Sul
9. ^Talian é língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha
10. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20170921120542/https://leismunicipais.com.br/a2/rs/n/nova-roma-do-sul/lei-ordinaria/2015/131/1310/lei-ordinaria-n-1310-2015-dispoe-sobre-a-cooficializacao-da-lingua-do-talian-a-lingua-portuguesa-no-municipio-de-nova-roma-do-sul Lei Nº 1310 de 16 de outubro de 2015] - Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua do "talian", à língua portuguesa, no município de Nova Roma do Sul"
11. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20170106102600/http://www.novaromadosul.rs.gov.br/noticias_int.php?id=1418 O Talian agora é a língua co-oficial de Nova Roma do Sul], município de Nova Roma do Sul
12. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20190330031236/http://www.serafinacorrea.rs.gov.br/site/noticia/noticia_detalhe.php?gCdNoticia=406 Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município], acessado em 21 de agosto de 2011
13. ^1 2 3 4 [https://web.archive.org/web/20170920205043/http://www.dw.com/pt-br/esp%C3%ADrito-santo-investe-na-preserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o-da-l%C3%ADngua-pomerana/a-17884813 Espírito Santo investe na preservação da língua pomerana], in "Registros Escritos", fifth paragraph.
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ce.ufes.br/educacaodocampo/down/cdrom2/pdf/texto18.pdf |title=A escolarização entre descendentes pomeranos em Domingos Martins |language=Portuguese |accessdate=24 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183001/http://www.ce.ufes.br/educacaodocampo/down/cdrom2/pdf/texto18.pdf |archivedate=21 December 2012 |df= }}
15. ^1 {{Cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183002/http://www.farese.edu.br/pages/artigos/pdf/ismael/A%20co-oficializa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20L%20Pomer.pdf# |title=A co-oficialização da língua pomerana (third paragraph) |language=Portuguese |accessdate=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183002/http://www.farese.edu.br/pages/artigos/pdf/ismael/A%20co-oficializa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20L%20Pomer.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
16. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20190323024937/https://www.itarana.es.gov.br/portal/artigo/municipio-de-itarana-participa-de-acoes-do-inventario-da-lingua-pomerana Município de Itarana participa de ações do Inventário da Língua Pomerana], Prefeitura Municipal de Itarana
17. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20190323025238/https://www.itarana.es.gov.br/portal/uploads/legislation/antigos/d4ad3e0ff7023e6dd1bacde801ff13a4.pdf «Lei Municipal nº 1.195/2016 de Itarana/ES»]. itarana.es.gov.br
18. ^{{Cite web |url=http://lpniceia.wordpress.com/2008/12/27/pomerano/ |title=Pomerano!?|language=Portuguese |accessdate=24 August 2011}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://gabeira.locaweb.com.br/causas/causa.asp?id=941&idSubd=40 |title=No Brasil, pomeranos buscam uma cultura que se perde |language=Portuguese |accessdate=24 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328015129/http://gabeira.locaweb.com.br/causas/causa.asp?id=941&idSubd=40 |archivedate=28 March 2012 |df= }}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipol.org.br/imprimir.php?cod=604 |title=Lei dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua pomerana no município de Santa maria de Jetibá, Estado do Espírito Santo |language=Portuguese |accessdate=24 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402095437/http://www.ipol.org.br/imprimir.php?cod=604 |archivedate= 2 April 2012 |df= }}
21. ^1 Cooficialização de línguas no Brasil: características, desdobramentos e desafios, third page.
22. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.secult.es.gov.br/?id=/aqui_tem_cultura/artigos/materia.php&cd_matia=1371 |title=Vila Pavão, Uma Pomerânia no norte do Espirito Santo|language=Portuguese |accessdate=24 August 2011}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20080115i1.html |title=Japan, Brazil mark a century of settlement, family ties | The Japan Times Online |date=2008-01-15}}
24. ^{{Cite web |url=http://server03.pge.sc.gov.br/LegislacaoEstadual/2009/014951-011-0-2009-001.htm |title=LEI Nº 14.951 |language=Portuguese |accessdate=21 August 2011}}
25. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.cacador.net/portal/Noticias.aspx?cdNoticia=16388&cdNoticiaDivisao=2 |title=Rotary apresenta ações na Câmara. FEIBEMO divulga cultura italiana |language=Portuguese |accessdate=21 August 2011}}
26. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.editorasaomiguel.com.br/correio/edicoes/reportagem.php?cod_rep=6071 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120730014727/http://www.editorasaomiguel.com.br/correio/edicoes/reportagem.php?cod_rep=6071 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=30 July 2012 |title=Fóruns sobre o Talian - Eventos comemoram os 134 anos da imigração italiana |language=Portuguese |accessdate=21 August 2011 }}
27. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=597 |title=Aprovado projeto que declara o Talian como patrimônio do RS] |language=Portuguese |accessdate=21 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127132553/http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=597 |archivedate=27 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
28. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo=735 |title=O povo pomerano no ES |language=Portuguese |accessdate=24 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183002/http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo=735 |archivedate=21 December 2012 |df= }}
29. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo=735 |title=O povo pomerano no ES |language=Portuguese |accessdate=24 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183002/http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo=735 |archivedate=21 December 2012 |df= }}
30. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=690 |title=Plenário aprova em segundo turno a PEC do patrimônio |language=Portuguese |accessdate=21 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127142052/http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=690 |archivedate=27 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
31. ^{{Cite web |url=http://claudiovereza.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/pec-11-de-2009_1.pdf |title=Emenda Constitucional na Íntegra |language=Portuguese |accessdate=21 August 2011}}
32. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.revistajuridica.com.br/noticia_integra_new.asp?id=187110 |title=ALEES - PEC que trata do patrimônio cultural retorna ao Plenário |language=Portuguese |accessdate=21 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214070838/http://www.revistajuridica.com.br/noticia_integra_new.asp?id=187110 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
33. ^http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/germ/deutdin.htm
34. ^http://www.lerncafe.de/aus-der-welt-1142/articles/pommern-in-brasilien.html

External links

  • SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories
{{South America topic|Languages of}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages Of South America}}

1 : Languages of South America
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