| 词条 | Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization | ||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) was an organization founded on March 15, 1995, by the United States, South Korea, and Japan to implement the 1994 U.S.-North Korea Agreed Framework that froze North Korea's indigenous nuclear power plant development centered at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, that was suspected of being a step in a nuclear weapons program. KEDO's principal activity was to construct two light water reactor nuclear power plants in North Korea to replace North Korea's Magnox type reactors.[1] The original target year for completion was 2003. Since then, other members joined:
KEDO discussions took place at the level of a U.S. Assistant Secretary of State, South Korea's deputy foreign minister, and the head of the Asian bureau of Japan's Foreign Ministry. The KEDO Secretariat was located in New York.[2] KEDO was shut down in 2006. HistoryFormal ground breaking on the site for two light water reactors (LWR) was on August 19, 1997, at Kumho, 30 km north of Sinpo.[3][4] The Kumho site had been previously selected for two similar sized reactors that had been promised in the 1980s by the Soviet Union, before its collapse.[5] Soon after the Agreed Framework[6] was signed, U.S. Congress control changed to the Republican Party, who did not support the agreement.[7][8] Some Republican Senators were strongly against the agreement, regarding it as appeasement.[9][10] KEDO's first director, Stephen Bosworth, later commented "The Agreed Framework was a political orphan within two weeks after its signature".[11] Arranging project financing was not easy, and formal invitations to bid were not issued until 1998, by which time the delays were infuriating North Korea.[12] Significant spending on the LWR project did not commence until 2000,[13] with "First Concrete" pouring at the construction site on August 7, 2002.[14] Construction of both reactors was well behind the original schedule. In the wake of the breakdown of the Agreed Framework in 2003, KEDO largely lost its function. KEDO ensured that the nuclear power plant project assets at the construction site at Kumho in North Korea and at manufacturers’ facilities around the world ($1.5 billion invested to date) were preserved and maintained. The project was reported to be about 30% complete. One reactor containment building was about 50% complete and another about 15% finished. No key equipment for the reactors had been moved to the site. In 2005, there were reports indicating that KEDO had agreed in principle to terminate the light-water reactor project. On January 9, 2006, it was announced that the project was over and the workers would be returning to their home countries. North Korea demanded compensation and has refused to return the approximately $45 million worth of equipment left behind.[15] Executive Directors
See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kedo.org/au_history.asp |title=About Us: Our History |publisher=KEDO |accessdate=3 April 2016}} 2. ^{{Citation |url=http://oldsite.nautilus.org/DPRKBriefingBook/agreedFramework/kedo.pdf |title=Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization |year=2003 |work=Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes |publisher=Center for Nonproliferation Studies |accessdate=5 March 2011}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/005th_issue/97082102.htm |title=KEDO Breaks Ground on US Led Nuclear Project That will Undermine Client Status of S Korea |publisher=korea-np.co.jp |date=1994-10-21 |accessdate=2009-06-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824204606/http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/005th_issue/97082102.htm |archivedate=2009-08-24 |df= }} 4. ^{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/6edf05067334f1cb8109d087b7c9226b |title=North Korea: Nuclear Reactors Kedo Consortium Press Conference |format=Motion picture |publisher=Associated Press |date=19 August 1997 |accessdate=3 April 2016}} 5. ^{{Cite journal |url=http://cisac.stanford.edu/publications/north_koreas_choice_bombs_over_electricity/ |title=North Korea's Choice: Bombs Over Electricity |author1=Siegfried S. Hecker |author2=Sean C. Lee |author3=Chaim Braun |date=Summer 2010 |journal=The Bridge |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=5–12 |publisher=National Academy of Engineering |accessdate=5 March 2011}} 6. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc457.pdf |title=Agreed Framework of 21 October 1994 Between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea |id=INFCIRC/457 |publisher=IAEA |date=2 November 1994 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217175315/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc457.pdf |archivedate=17 December 2003}} 7. ^{{citation|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0C54E3B3-1E9C-BE1E-2C24-A6A8C7060233&lng=en&ord582=grp2&id=31958|title=North Korea: Negotiations Work|author=Leon V Sigal|date=February 2007|publisher=MIT Center for International Studies|accessdate=2009-03-05}} 8. ^Joint resolution relating to the United States-North Korea Agreed Framework and the obligations of North Korea under that and previous agreements with respect to the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and dialog with the Republic of Korea, House of Representatives, 104th Congress, 1st Session, H.J. Res. 83, September 18, 1995 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/gallucci.html |title=frontline: kim's nuclear gamble: interviews: robert gallucci |publisher=PBS |date=5 March 2003 |accessdate=2009-06-09}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/perle.html |title=frontline: kim's nuclear gamble: interviews: richard perle |publisher=PBS |date=27 March 2003 |accessdate=2009-06-09}} 11. ^{{cite web|last=Behar |first=Richard |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/05/12/342316/ |title=Rummy's North Korea Connection What did Donald Rumsfeld know about ABB's deal to build nuclear reactors there? And why won't he talk about it? - May 12, 2003 |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date=2003-05-12 |accessdate=2009-06-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908091709/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/05/12/342316/ |archivedate=September 8, 2009 |df= }} 12. ^1 {{cite news|last=Behar |first=Richard |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/05/12/342316/ |title=Rummy's North Korea Connection |work=FORTUNE Magazine |publisher=CNN Money |date=May 12, 2003 |accessdate=2010-04-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908091709/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/05/12/342316/ |archivedate=September 8, 2009 |df= }} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kedo.org/pdfs/KEDO_AR_2004.pdf |title=Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization Annual Report 2004 |format=PDF |date=December 31, 2004 |publisher=Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization |accessdate=2010-04-14}} 14. ^{{cite web|author=Tim Carter |url=http://www.kedo.org/news_detail.asp?NewsID=22 |title=Promoting Peace and Stability on the Korean Peninsula and Beyond |publisher=KEDO |date= 7 August 2002|accessdate=2010-04-14}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=050000&biid=2006010957518 |title=Reactor Project Ends in Failure |author=Myoung-Gun Lee |publisher=English.donga.com |date=2006-01-09 |accessdate=2010-04-14}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.icasinc.org/bios/bosworth.html |title=Stephen W. Bosworth - Biographic Sketch |publisher=Institute for Corean-American Studies |date= |accessdate=2010-04-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310042628/http://www.icasinc.org/bios/bosworth.html |archivedate=March 10, 2009 }} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.case.edu/artsci/asia/AsiasSecurityChallenges.html#Kartman |title=2006 Asian Studies Conference |date=25 March 2006 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |accessdate=2010-04-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320054211/http://www.case.edu/artsci/asia/AsiasSecurityChallenges.html |archivedate=20 March 2006 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 18. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/kartman.html |title=Interview: Charles Kartman |work=Frontline |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |date=20 February 2003 |accessdate=14 April 2010}} External links
8 : Organizations established in 1995|International nuclear energy organizations|International organizations of Asia|Foreign relations of North Korea|Foreign relations of South Korea|Nuclear program of North Korea|Nuclear energy in North Korea|Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty |
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