“Korfball”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Korfball ({{lang-nl|Korfbal}}) is a ball sport, with similarities to netball and basketball. It is played by two teams of eight (8) players with four (4) females and four (4) males in each team. The objective is to throw a ball into a bottomless basket that is mounted on a {{convert|3.5|m|ft|1|abbr=in}} high pole.

The sport was invented by Dutch school teacher Nico Broekhuysen in 1902. In the Netherlands, there are around 500 clubs and over 90,000 people playing korfball. The sport is also very popular in Belgium and Taiwan, and is played in nearly 70 countries.

History

In 1902 Nico Broekhuysen, a Dutch school teacher from Amsterdam, was sent to Nääs, a town in Sweden, to follow an educational course about teaching gymnastics to children. This is where he was introduced to the Swedish game 'ringboll'. In ringboll one could score points by throwing the ball through a ring that was attached to a 3 m pole. Men and women played together, and the field was divided into three zones. Players could not leave their zone.^[1]^[2]

Broekhuysen was inspired and when he returned to Amsterdam he decided to teach his students a similar game. He replaced the ring with a basket (for which the Dutch word is korf or mand), so it was easier to see if a player had scored or not. Broekhuysen also simplified the rules so children could also understand and play it. Korfball was born. The main idea was the same as ringboll, but it now stood on its own.

The oldest still existing korfball club to never have merged with any other club is a Dutch korfball club H.K.C. ALO from The Hague, Netherlands. H.K.C. ALO was founded on 1 February 1906.

At first there was considerable controversy about the sport, because the players were of both sexes. Several sports journalists refused to pay even the slightest attention to the new sport{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}. Korfball players were accused of being immoral. Even the sportswear was criticized, because the women were showing bare knees and ankles; one newspaper wrote that "Korfball is a monster that spreads its claws to all sides^[3]"{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}. Yet korfball was featured as a demonstration sport in the Summer Olympics of 1920 and 1928.^[4]

Korfball is played in 69 countries including: United States, China, England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Australia, New Zealand, Czech Republic, Slowakia, Poland, Greece, Serbia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, India, The Netherlands, Belgium, Nigeria, Marocco, Ghana, Russia, Germany, Taiwan, Turkey, Hong Kong, Portugal, Pakistan, India, Sweden, Hungary, the Philippines, Indonesia, Italy, Spain, France and Romania. It is growing in popularity in the UK and in a unique reference to the sport, is featured in a song by the band Half Man Half Biscuit entitled "Joy in Leeuwarden (We Are Ready)" on their 2011 album 90 Bisodol (Crimond).

Korfball has been played in the World Games since 1985. IKF World Korfball Championships have been held every four years since 1978. The leading nations are The Netherlands, Chinese Taipei and Belgium.

Hong Kong hosted its first international tournament, the IKF Asia Oceania Korfball Championship in 2006. New Zealand hosted the IKF Asia Oceania Youth Korfball Championships in 2007.

Rules and regulations

Equipment

The size of the indoor court is {{convert|20|x|40|m|yd|abbr=on}}, most outdoor courts are {{convert|20|x|40|m|yd|abbr=on}}. The court is divided into halves called zones. In each zone is a {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall post with a basket at the top. This is positioned two-thirds of the distance between the center line and the back of the zone.^[2]

Team

Match

An international korfball match typically consists of four (4) periods, with the length varying depending on the competition, but typically between 7 and 10 minutes, with a 1-minute break between period 1, 2, 3 and 4. At half time - after period 2 - the break is 5 minutes.^[5]

Four players of each team are in one zone and the other four are in the other zone. Within each zone, a player may only defend a member of the opposite team of the same gender.

At the beginning of the match, one team chooses one-half of the court. That half will be their defending zone, with 'their' basket in it. Players score by throwing the ball through the opponents' basket. After two goals, the teams change zones: defenders become attackers and attackers become defenders. In between those zone-changes, attackers cannot set foot on their defending zone or vice versa. At half-time teams swap halves.

The rules prevent physical strength dominating the game. Blocking, tackling and holding are not allowed, as well as kicking the ball. Once a player has the ball, one cannot dribble, run or walk with it, however, one can move one foot as long as the foot the player landed on when they caught the ball stays in the same spot. Therefore, tactical and efficient teamwork is required, because players need each other to keep the ball moving, and throwing the ball to each other. A player may not attempt to score when defended, which occurs when the defender is in between the opponent and the basket, is facing his/her opponent, is within arm's length and attempting to block the ball. This rule encourages fast movement while also limiting the impact of players' height compared to their opponents.

International tournaments

World Games

The national teams competition organized by the International World Games Association has been played roughly every four years since 1981.

IKF World Korfball Championship

The national teams competition organized by the International Korfball Federation has been played roughly every four years since 1978.

IKF U23 World Korfball Championship

Continental championships

IKF promotes four continental championships: European Korfball Championship, All-Africa Korfball Championship, Pan-American Korfball Championship and Asia-Oceania Korfball Championship.

Europa Cup for Clubs

Every year the IKF organises the Europa Cup for national champions (clubs). The Europa Cup was organized for the first time in 1967, and was won by Ons Eibernest from the Netherlands. The winner of the last edition was TOP/SolarCompleet, which also won in 2017.

PKC from Papendrecht, the Netherlands, have won the championship the most times, a record 12 wins in total.

Until now, the winning team was either from the Netherlands or Belgium, with respectively 45 and 6 Europa Cups. The only club from the United Kingdom to reach the final was Mitcham Korfball Club from London. Mitcham lost the final against Catbavrienden from Belgium in 1998.

Beach Korfball

For beach korfball, the rules of the game differ slightly from those of regular korfball. Each team has 4 starters and 2 substitutes. The field of play is 20 metres by 10 metres, and goals are to be placed 4 metres from the end line. Matches consist of two half of 6 minutes each with a 1-minute rest.

Each team has a total of 4 players in the field, two men and two women. Players can be substituted at any time.

Furthermore, if a goal is scored from a 2-point zone, a two-point goal is awarded. Free shots can both be executed at the standard Free Shot line, or at the spot where the fault was made by the opponent.

The current European Beach Korfball champion is Belgium, while they won the IKF Beach Korfball World Cup (Europe) 2018. Portugal won the silver medal, and Poland wrote national korfball history by winning the bronze medal.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Cultural references

Korfball is the theme of the song "Joy in Leeuwarden (We Are Ready)" on the album 90 Bisodol (Crimond) by Half Man Half Biscuit.