| 词条 | Leaderism |
| 释义 |
The Russian political term leaderism ({{lang-ru|вождизм}}, vozhdism) means "a policy directed at the affirmation/confirmation of one person in the role of an indisputable or infallible leader".[1] Vozhdism is widespread in totalitarian and authoritarian régimes.{{cn|date=January 2016}} Manifestations of vozhdism include clientelism, nepotism, tribalism, and messianism.[2] Ancient Greek tyranny, as described in the Politics by Aristotle,[3] represents an early form of leaderism.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} Forms of leaderism include Italian Fascism, Führerprinzip, Stalinism, Maoism, and Juche. According to Nikolai Berdyaev (1874-1948), Leninism represented a new type of leaderism, featuring a leader of masses having dictatorship powers. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini attempted to imitate Vladimir Lenin,{{cn|date=January 2016}} while Joseph Stalin as vozhd exemplifies an ultimate type of such a Supreme leader.[4] In communist phraseology the term "leaderism" occurs as a pejorative, in apposition to the officially proclaimed "principle of collective leadership".[5][6][7] Some modern Russian authors have implied that the régimes of Mikheil Saakashvili,[8] Islamic leaders,[9] and Vladimir Putin[10] represent types of leaderist societies. See also
References1. ^Viktor Ruchkin. S I Ozhegov, Slovar’ Russkogo Yazyka, Moscow 1978 via {{Russia-stub}}{{poli-stub}}ヴォジュディズムВождизм2. ^Вождизм article on Mir Slovarey site {{ru icon}} 3. ^{{cite book |last1 = Aristotle |author-link1 = Aristotle |title = Politics |url = http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/aristotle/Politics.pdf |others = Translator: Benjamin Jowett |location = Kitchener, Ontario |publisher = Batoche Books |publication-date = 1999 |accessdate = 2016-01-25 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130722201525/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/aristotle/Politics.pdf |archivedate = 2013-07-22 |df = }} 4. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.magister.msk.ru/library/philos/berdyaev/berdn015.htm | title = Истоки и смысл русского коммунизма | last1 = Berdyaev | first1 = Nikolai | author-link1 = Nikolai Berdyaev | language = Russian | trans-title = The origins and meaning of Russian communism | access-date = 2016-01-25 | quote = Сталин уже вождь-диктатор в современном, фашистском смысле.}} 5. ^Slobodan Stanković , "The End of the Tito Era: Yugoslavia's Dilemmas", 1981, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jTa4AAAAIAAJ&q=leaderism&dq=leaderism&pgis=1 p. 59] 6. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=ti3WAAAAIAAJ&q=leaderism&dq=leaderism&lr=&pgis=1] 7. ^{{cite book| last1 = Fitzpatrick| first1 = Sheila| author-link1 = Sheila Fitzpatrick| title = Everyday Stalinism: ordinary life in extraordinary times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QS6IlPQf6owC| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| publication-date = 1999| page = 30| isbn = 9780195050004| accessdate = 2016-01-24| quote = Sometimes local personality cults were attributed to the backwardness of the population and 'leaderism' was treated as an ethnic disease.}} 8. ^Вирус вождизма {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912001808/http://www.redstar.ru/2008/08/13_08/4_06.html |date=2008-09-12 }} Krasnaya Zvezda 13 August 2008 {{ru icon}} 9. ^Вожди и лидеры. Вождизм by Dmitry Olshansky {{ru icon}} 10. ^Путин играет мускулами и добивается нового мирового порядка Kommersant 19 January 2009 {{ru icon}} 1 : Political terminology |
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