| 词条 | Lebanese Forces – Executive Command |
| 释义 |
|name=Lebanese Forces – Executive Command |war=Lebanese civil war (1975-1990) |image=no Image |caption=Logo of the Lebanese Forces – Executive Command (1986-1991). |active= 1986–1991 |leaders= Elie Hobeika |clans= |headquarters=Zahlé (Beqaa) |areas=Beqaa valley, Beirut |strength= 1,000 fighters |previous= 600-700 men |allies=Lebanese National Salvation Front (LNSF), Israel Defense Forces (IDF), Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Progressive Socialist Party (PSP), Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), Syrian Armed Forces |opponents=Lebanese Forces, Guardians of the Cedars (GoC), Tigers Militia, Hezbollah, Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) }} The Lebanese Forces – Executive Command or LFEC (Arabic: Al-Quwwat al-Lubnaniyya – Al-Qiyada Al-Tanfeethiyya), was a splinter group from the Lebanese Forces led by Elie Hobeika, based in the town of Zahlé in the Beqaa valley in the late 1980s. It was initially founded in January 1986 under the title Lebanese Forces – Uprising or LFU (Arabic: Al-Quwwat al-Lubnaniyya – Intifada), but later changed its designation. OriginsThe LFU was formed by Hobeika at Zahlé out of his LF supporters, who sought refuge in the Syrian-controlled Beqaa after being ousted from east Beirut in January 1986 by the Lebanese Forces' faction led by Samir Geagea. Renamed Lebanese Forces – Executive Command later that year and financed by Syria, Hobeika and its men conveyed little or no support at all from the Greek-Catholic citizens of Zahlé, who preferred to lend their backing to the mainstream Lebanese Forces and later, to General Michel Aoun's interim military government. Structure and organizationInitially numbering just 600-700 fighters,[1] the LFEC by the late 1980s aligned some 1,000 militiamen, mostly Maronites, of which 300 operated in West Beirut whilst the remainder were kept in reserve at Zahlé. Apart from a few technicals equipped with heavy machine-guns, recoilless rifles and anti-aircraft autocannons, the militia had no armoured vehicles nor artillery of their own but usually relied on the Syrian Army's 82nd Armoured Brigade stationed at the Beqaa for armour and artillery support.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} List of LFEC Commanders
Illegal activities and controversyGenerally regarded as a pro-Syrian proxy faction, the LFEC became known for their lack of restraint and discipline, and involvement in profitable criminal activities – besides allowing his men to abduct and rape many of the local women,{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} Hobeika ran from his Headquarters at the Hotel Qadiri in central Zahlé an illegal international telecommunications' center and a drug-trafficking ring that extended through the Beqaa Valley.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} The group is suspected of being implicated in a series of bloody bomb attacks in the mid-1980s, namely the failed attempt made alongside the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the pro-Israeli South Lebanon Army (SLA) to assassinate Sheikh Hussein Fadlallah of Hezbollah, which cost the life of his brother Jihad Fadlallah in March 1985 by a massive car-bomb explosion.[2] The subsequent car-bomb campaign that plagued both West and East Beirut from March to July 1986 was allegedly carried out by the LFEC in collusion with the Syrian military intelligence services.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} The LFEC in the Lebanese civil war 1986-1990During the 1988–1989 Liberation War they fought alongside Druze Progressive Socialist Party's People's Liberation Army (PSP/PLA) and pro-Syrian Palestinian militias against General Michel Aoun's troops at the second battle of Souk El Gharb,[3] and later assisted Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) militiamen and Syrian troops in the capture of Aoun's HQ at Baabda on October 13, 1990, where they fought successfully the Aounist 5th Infantry Brigade defending it, and reportedly committed atrocities and engaged in looting.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} DisbandmentUpon the end of the war in October 1990, LFEC militia units operating in Beirut and Zahlé were ordered in March 1991 to disband and surrender their heavy weaponry. Although the LFEC was indeed disbanded, many of its former members went to provide the cadre for a private security company set up and headed by Hobeika until his death by a mysterious car bomb explosion near his house in the east Beirut suburb of Hazmiyeh on January 24, 2002.[4][5][6] The LFEC is no longer active. See also
Notes1. ^Makdisi and Sadaka, The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990 (2003), p. 44, Table 1: War Period Militias. 2. ^O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 155. 3. ^Micheletti and Debay, Victoire a Souk El Gharb – la 10e Brigade sauve le Liban, RAIDS magazine (1989), pp. 18-24. 4. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jan/25/israelandthepalestinians.lebanon Mostyn, Trevor, The Guardian, 25 January 2002] 5. ^{{cite web|title=Elie Hobeika Assassinated |url=http://www.lebaneseforces.com/hobeika.asp |publisher=Lebanese Forces |accessdate=15 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626032323/http://www.lebaneseforces.com/hobeika.asp |archivedate=26 June 2012 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite news|last=MacFarquhar|first=Neil|title=Car Bomb Kills Figure in 1982 Lebanese Massacre|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/25/world/car-bomb-kills-figure-in-1982-lebanese-massacre.html|accessdate=7 July 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=25 January 2002}} References
External links
3 : Israeli–Lebanese conflict|Lebanese National Resistance Front|Factions in the Lebanese Civil War |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。