| 词条 | Lee Circle |
| 释义 |
Lee Circle is a central traffic circle in New Orleans, Louisiana, which featured a monument to Confederate General Robert E. Lee between 1884 and 2017. It is located at the intersection of St. Charles and Howard Avenues. Prior to the erection of the monument, the location was known as Tivoli Circle or Place du Tivoli.[1][2][3] Tivoli Circle was an important, central point in the city, as it linked upriver areas with downriver areas. It was a common local meeting point and the site remains a popular place to gather for Mardi Gras parades. Renaming controversiesOn July 31, 1877, "Lee Place" within "Tivoli Circle" was authorized by Ordinance A.S. 4064[4][5] Although the traffic circle is commonly referred to as "Lee Circle", this ordinance makes clear that the "enclosure" containing the statue is to be known as "Lee Place", while the circle is to continue to be known as "Tivoli Circle". This ordinance contains no reference to the name "Lee Circle". On June 24, 2015, New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu acknowledged the impact of the June 2015 Charleston church shooting but credited a 2014 conversation with New Orleans jazz ambassador Wynton Marsalis for his decision to call for the removal of the Lee statue and renaming of Lee Circle and other city memorials of Confederate slaveholders.[6] As part of a sixty-day period for public input, two city commissions called for the removal of four monuments associated with the Confederacy, the Lee statue, statues of Jefferson Davis and P.G.T. Beauregard, and an obelisk commemorating the "Battle of Liberty Place". Governor Bobby Jindal opposed the removals.[7] On December 17, 2015, the New Orleans City Council voted to remove four statues from public display, among them the statue of Robert E. Lee located in Lee Circle.[8][9] Four organizations immediately filed a lawsuit in federal court the day of the decision and the City administration has agreed that no monument removals will take place before a court hearing scheduled for January 14, 2016.[10] Removal of the Lee statueOn May 18, 2017, the City of New Orleans announced that the statue would be removed at 9 a.m. the following day. This would be the fourth and final Confederate memorial to be removed by the city following a vote by the city council in 2015.[11] The city also announced that the war memorial statue would be replaced with a water feature. The Lee statue was removed on the evening of May 19, 2017, at 6 p.m. C.D.T., a departure from the other removals which occurred during early morning hours under the cover of darkness. {{Commons category|Lee Circle, New Orleans}}See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Douglas|first1=Lake|title=Public Spaces, Private Gardens: A History of Designed Landscapes in New Orleans|date=2011|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|location=Baton Rouge|isbn=978-0-8071-3837-3|pages=250–251, n. 25|quote=Using "Tivoli" as a place-name first appeared in New Orleans in 1807, when the engineer Barthélémy Lafon drew subdivision plans for the Delord-Sarpy Plantation property above Canal Street in the Faubourgs Ste. Mary and Annunciation. He created the Place du Tivoli, encircled first by the Tivoli Canal and then by a paved street; this traffic circle was renamed in honor of Gen. Robert E. Lee in the 1870s. Another use of Tivoli occurs with a plantation and garden on nearby Bayou St. John from 1808 through 1824, discussed above. Some may conflate these into one location, an understandable conclusion since early notices of Tivoli Plantation mention garden features and the Carondelet Canal is an extension of Bayou St. John.}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Kane|first1=Harnett|authorlink1=Harnett Kane|title=Place du Tivoli: A History of Lee Circle|date=1961|publisher=John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company|location=Boston}} Published on the occasion of the dedication of the John Hancock Building (now known as K&B Plaza), New Orleans, LA, December 7, 1961. 3. ^{{cite web |title=Tivoli Circle - Lee Circle |publisher=Old New Orleans |url =http://www.old-new-orleans.com/NO_Tivoli_Circle.html |accessdate=2011-12-04}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Jewell|first1=Edwin L.|title=Jewell's Digest of the City Ordinances Together with the Constitutional Provisions, Acts of the General Assembly and Decisions of the Courts Relative to the Government of the City of New Orleans|date=1882|publisher=Edwin L. Jewell|location=New Orleans|quote=That the ground within the enclosure to be so improved, shall be dedicated to the memory of General Robert E Lee, and as soon as the work is commenced, shall thereafter be known as Lee Place, but the name of the outer or street portion shall still be preserved under the designation of Tivoli Circle.|page=291|chapter=Title XIV, Ch. 2, §I, Art. 19(3)}} 5. ^{{cite news|last1=Hobgson|first1=W. I.|title=Lee Place - Tivoli Circle|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2764062/nola_lee_place_tivoli_circle/|accessdate=9 July 2015|publisher=The Times-Picayune|date=August 31, 1884|location=New Orleans, LA|quote=I quote from the ordinance giving its name. Ordinance 4064, A.S. - Adopted July 31, 1877, reads as follows: "SEC 3. Be if further ordained, etc., That the ground within the inclosure to be so improved, shall be dedicated to the memory of General Robert E. Lee, and as soon as the work is commenced shall thereafter be known as 'Lee Place,' but the name of the outer or street portion shall still be preserved under the designation of 'Tivoli Circle.' " W. I. Hobgson Secretary Lee Mon'l Ass'n.}} 6. ^{{cite news|last1=McClendon|first1=Robert|title=Mitch Landrieu on Confederate landmarks: 'That's what museums are for'|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/06/lee_circle_statue_new_orleans.html|accessdate=9 July 2015|publisher=The Times-Picayune|date=June 24, 2015|quote=Landrieu recalled Marsalis saying. When the mayor asked why, Marsalis responded, "Let me help you see it through my eyes. Who is he? What does he represent? And in that most prominent space in the city of New Orleans, does that space reflect who we were, who we want to be or who we are?"}} 7. ^{{cite news|last1=Schachar|first1=Natalie|title=Jindal seeks to block removal of Confederate monuments in New Orleans|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-jindal-monuments-20150814-story.html|accessdate=17 August 2015|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 15, 2015}} 8. ^{{cite news |last1=Rainey|first1=Richard|title=Lee Circle no more: New Orleans to remove 4 Confederate statues|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/12/confederate_monuments_lee_circ.html|accessdate=17 December 2015|work=The Times-Picayune|date=December 17, 2015}} 9. ^{{cite news|last1=Adelson|first1=Jeff|title=New Orleans City Council votes 6-1 to remove Confederate monuments|url=http://www.theneworleansadvocate.com/news/14316546-172/new-orleans-city-council-votes-to-remove-confederate-monuments|accessdate=17 December 2015|publisher=The New Orleans Advocate|date=December 17, 2015}} 10. ^{{cite news|last1=Katherine|first1=Sayre|title=New Orleans won't remove Confederate statues before court hearing|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/12/mayor_landrieu_administration_1.html|accessdate=19 December 2015|publisher=The Times-Picayune|date=December 18, 2015}} 11. ^http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/05/confederate_monuments_water_fe.html Further reading
4 : Geography of New Orleans|Transportation in New Orleans|Streets in New Orleans|Monuments and memorials to Robert E. Lee |
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