“Kremlin (fortification)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A kremlin ({{lang-rus|кремль|kreml’|ˈkrʲemlʲ}}, "castle", or "citadel"^[1]) is a major fortified central complex found in historic Russian cities.^[2] This word is often used to refer to the most famous, the Moscow Kremlin,^[3] or metonymically to the government that is based there.^[4]

The word is probably of Slavic-Tartar origin,^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] and may share the same root as kremen ({{lang|ru|кремень}} {{IPA-ru|krʲɪˈmʲenʲ|}}, "flint").^[9]

Selected Russian cities with kremlins

World Heritage Sites

Intact

In ruins

Existing and unwalled

Traces remain

Modern imitations

Kremlins outside the Russian Federation

After the disintegrations of the Kievan Rus, the Russian Empire and the USSR, some fortresses considered Kremlin-type, remained beyond the borders of modern Russia. Some are listed below:

The same structure in Ukraine is called dytynets ({{lang-uk|дитинець}}, from dytyna – child). The term has been in use since the 11th century. The term kremlin first appeared in 14th century in Russian territories, where it replaced dytynets.

Many Russian monasteries have been built in a fortress-like style similar to that of a kremlin. For a partial list, see Monasteries in Russia.

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gDhpqYwg7MgC&pg=PA24&dq=%22a+kremlin%22+castle&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5n7mbw5PXAhWKaFAKHVslBgAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22a%20kremlin%22%20castle&f=false|title=Stalin's Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of World War II on the Eastern Front|last=Pleshakov|first=Constantine|date=2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=|isbn=0618773614|location=|pages=24|language=en}}
2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l3SKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT150&dq=%22a+kremlin%22+citadel&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIvaukw5PXAhXRmLQKHbI0CfgQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22a%20kremlin%22%20citadel&f=false|title=A Travel Guide to Jewish Russia & Ukraine|last=G|first=Frank, Ben|date=2010-09-23|publisher=Pelican Publishing|year=|isbn=9781455613281|location=|pages=150|language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n60tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5&dq=%22a+kremlin%22+citadel&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIvaukw5PXAhXRmLQKHbI0CfgQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22a%20kremlin%22%20citadel&f=false|title=A History of Russian Christianity, Vol. I: From the Earliest Years through Tsar Ivan IV|last=Shubin|first=Daniel H.|date=2004|publisher=Algora Publishing|year=|isbn=9780875862873|location=|pages=5|language=en}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CjVntUCGcqsC&pg=PA234&dq=%22kremlin%22+metonym+russian+government&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb456YxZPXAhUFKFAKHdroDeEQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22kremlin%22%20metonym%20russian%20government&f=false|title=Defining Metonymy in Cognitive Linguistics: Towards a Consensus View|last=Barcelona|first=Antonio|last2=Benczes|first2=Réka|last3=Ibáñez|first3=Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza|date=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|year=|isbn=9027223823|location=|pages=234|language=en}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.voskres.ru/architecture/kremlin2.htm|title=Кром — Кремник — Кремль - Архитектура - РУССКОЕ ВОСКРЕСЕНИЕ|website=www.voskres.ru|access-date=2018-09-25}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/kremlin|title=kremlin {{!}} Origin and meaning of kremlin by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-26}}
7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://freetoursaintpetersburg.com/blog/russian-kremlins/|title=The Russian Kremlins|date=2016-01-13|work=Free Tour Saint Petersburg|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en-US}}
8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/502676920|title=Oxford essential Russian dictionary : Russian-English, English-Russian|page=89|last=Thompson]|first=[edited by Della|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199576432|location=Oxford|oclc=502676920}}
9. ^Russian Etymological Dictionary by Max Vasmer