“Krill oil”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Studies have shown toxic residues in Antarctic krill and fish;^[2]^[3] however, the United States Food and Drug Administration has accepted notices from krill oil manufacturers declaring that krill oil and products derived from it meet the standards for Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status, although the FDA itself has not tested the products.^[4]^[5]

While not an endangered species, Antarctic krill are a mainstay of the diets of many ocean-based species including whales and there is some environmental^[6] and scientific concern^[7] that their population has decreased dramatically both due to climate change and human harvesting.^[8]

Difference between krill oil and fish oil

Krill oil and oceanic fish oil are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). While both contain some EPA and DHA as free fatty acids, krill oil contains particularly rich amounts of choline-containing phospholipids and a phosphatidylcholine concentration of 34 grams per 100 grams of oil.^[9]^[10]

Krill oil also contains appreciable content of astaxanthin at 0.1 to 1.5 mg/mL depending on processing methods, and is responsible for its red color.^[11]

References

1. ^{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Krill oil. Monograph |journal=Altern Med Rev |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=84–6 |year=2010 |pmid=20359272 |doi= |url=}}
2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Corsolini S, Covaci A, Ademollo N, Focardi S, Schepens P |title=Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their enantiomeric signatures, and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Adélie penguin food web, Antarctica |journal=Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=371–82 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16183185 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.039 |url=}}
3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Vetter W, etal |title=Anthropogenic and naturally occurring organobrominated compounds in fish oil dietary supplements |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=41 |issue=15 |pages=5237–44 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17822085 |doi= 10.1021/es070239g|url=}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000371|url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/ucm267323.htm|author=CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety|website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=July 22, 2011|accessdate=August 5, 2014}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000226|url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/ucm153881.htm|author=CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety|website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=January 3, 2008|accessdate=August 5, 2014}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ccamlr.org/en/fisheries/krill-fisheries-and-sustainability|title=Krill fisheries and sustainability - CCAMLR|publisher=}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/science/10093611/Malnutrition-behind-whale-strandings|title=Malnutrition behind whale strandings|first=Aleisha|last=Orr|date=28 May 2014|publisher=|via=Stuff.co.nz}}
8. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7013/abs/nature02996.html|title=Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean|first1=Angus|last1=Atkinson|first2=Volker|last2=Siegel|first3=Evgeny|last3=Pakhomov|first4=Peter|last4=Rothery|date=4 November 2004|publisher=|journal=Nature|volume=432|issue=7013|pages=100–103|via=www.nature.com|doi=10.1038/nature02996}}
9. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Grandois LG, Marchioni E, Zhao M, Giuffrida F, Ennahar S, Bindler F |title=Investigation of natural phosphatidylcholine sources: separation and identification by liquid chromatography - electronspray ionization - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS2) of molecular species |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=57 |issue=14 |pages=6014–6020 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19545117 |doi=10.1021/jf900903e}}
10. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Winther B, Hoem N, Berge K, Reubsaet L |title=Elucidation of phosphatidylcholine composition in krill oil extracted from Euphausia Superba |journal=Lipids |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=25–36 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20848234 |pmc=3024512 |doi=10.1007/s11745-010-3472-6}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ali-Nehari|first1=Abdelkader|last2=Kim|first2=Seon-Bong|last3=Lee|first3=Yang-Bong|last4=Lee|first4=Hye-youn|last5=Chun|first5=Byung-Soo|title=Characterization of oil including astaxanthin extracted from krill (Euphausia superba) using supercritical carbon dioxide and organic solvent as comparative method|journal=Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering|date=14 November 2011|volume=29|issue=3|pages=329–336|doi=10.1007/s11814-011-0186-2}}