| 词条 | Left Front (France) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Left Front |logo= |colorcode={{Left Front (France)/meta/color}} |foundation=18 November 2008 |dissolved=25 November 2018 |ideology=Socialism[1] Communism[1] {{list collapsed|title=Factions|Anti-capitalism Democratic socialism Eco-socialism Hoxhaism Progressivism Soft Euroscepticism[2]}} |international=None |website={{URL|placeaupeuple.fr}} | country = France |native_name=Front de gauche |leader1_title=Spokesperson in the Assembly |leader1_name=André Chassaigne |leader2_title=Spokesperson in the Senate |leader2_name=Éliane Assassi |position=Left-wing to far-left |european=Party of the European Left |europarl=European United Left–Nordic Green Left |colors={{Color box|{{Left Front (France)/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Red }} The Left Front ({{lang-fr|Front de gauche}}, FG or FDG) was a French electoral alliance and a political movement created for the 2009 European elections by the French Communist Party and the Left Party when a left-wing minority faction decided to leave the Socialist Party, and the Unitarian Left (Gauche Unitaire), a group which left the New Anticapitalist Party. The alliance was subsequently extended for the 2010 regional elections and the 2012 presidential election and the subsequent parliamentary election. In 2012, its constituent parties were, in addition to the two aforementioned parties, the Unitarian Left (Gauche Unitaire), the {{illm|Federation for a Social and Ecological Alternative|eo|Federacio por Sociala kaj Ekologia Alternativo (Francio)|fr|Fédération pour une alternative sociale et écologique}} (Fédération pour une alternative sociale et écologique, FASE), {{illm|Republic and Socialism|fr|République et socialisme|zh|共和与社会主义}} (République et socialisme), {{ill|Convergences and Alternative|fr|Convergences et alternative}} (Convergences et alternative), the Anticapitalist Left (Gauche anticapitaliste), the Workers' Communist Party of France (Parti communiste des ouvriers de France, PCOF) and {{illm|The Alternatives|br|An Alternatived|cs|Les Alternatifs|fr|Les Alternatifs}} (Les Alternatifs). History2009 European electionsThe Left Front was born as an electoral coalition between the French Communist Party (PCF) and the Left Party (PG) for the 2009 European elections. The PCF's support had declined in years prior to the formation of the Left Front, and it hit a historic low in the 2007 presidential election, in which the PCF candidate, national secretary Marie-George Buffet, won 707,268 votes (1.9% of the vote.) The Left Party (PG) was founded in 2008 by Socialist Party (PS) senator Jean-Luc Mélenchon, a longtime leader of the PS' left-wing. Mélenchon, followed by PS deputy Marc Dolez quit the PS in the wake of the Reims Congress (2008), criticizing the PS' alleged shift towards economic liberalism. The PCF's strategy since 2003 had been to actively reach out to social movements, trade unions, left-wing activists, and the plethora of small left-wing parties to the left of the PS, particularly Olivier Besancenot's New Anticapitalist Party (NPA). In October 2008, and again at the PCF's XXXIV Congress in December 2008, the PCF issued a call for the creation of a "civic and progressive front".[3][4] The PCF's call was primarily intended for parties such as the PG, but also the NPA or Jean-Pierre Chevènement's Citizen and Republican Movement (MRC). Although Besancenot was not receptive to participation in the new PCF-PG alliance (he required guarantees on complete independence from the PS and expanding the alliance to the 2010 regional elections), a significant dissenting minority within the NPA, led by Christian Picquet's Unitarian Left, supported such a common list and split from the NPA to join the new Left Front.[5] Negotiations with Chevènement's MRC also failed,[6] but a pro-alliance minority split from the MRC to create {{illm|Republic and Socialism|fr|République et socialisme|zh|共和与社会主义}} and endorse the Left Front. The {{illm|Federation for a Social and Ecological Alternative|eo|Federacio por Sociala kaj Ekologia Alternativo (Francio)|fr|Fédération pour une alternative sociale et écologique}}, {{illm|The Alternatives|br|An Alternatived|cs|Les Alternatifs|fr|Les Alternatifs}} and the far-left Workers' Struggle also rejected partaking in the alliance. Top candidatesOut of the seven constituencies in which the FG nominated lists, three were led by members of the PCF, three by members of the PG, while one was led by someone unaffiliated with either party. The lists included PCF members (43.5%), PG members (33.5%) and figures from social movements or political associations (23%).[7]
PlatformFor the European elections, the Left Front proposed:[8]
ResultsThe Left Front and the Alliance of the Overseas won a combined 1,115,021 votes (6.47%), improving by 0.59% on the PCF's 2004 result. In all, they elected 5 MEPs. 2 of them were members of the PCF, one from the PG, one independent and one from the Reunionese Communist Party (PCR).
Nationally, the FG performed better than Besancenot's NPA, which obtained 840,833 votes (4.9%) and no seats. While the PCF's Marie-George Buffet appraised the result as "satisfying" and called on the continuation and expansion of the FG,[9] the PG lamented the left's disunity by noting that a common list with the NPA could have won over 11% and up to 12 seats.[10] 2010 regional electionsAll components of the FG pronounced themselves in favour of a continuation and expansion of the alliance for the 2010 regional elections, with the intention of attracting other left-wing parties (particularly the NPA). The PCF, PG, and GU [11] announced, in a joint statement, their intention to create a permanent liaison committee for the FG, and build a shared platform with the goal of entrenching the FG as a political force. Negotiations with the NPA, once again, failed. The NPA demanded no alliances with the PS in the runoff and rejected participation in any PS-led regional executive, whereas the PCF supported second round alliances with the PS. The FG ran autonomous and independent lists in the first round in 17 out of 22 regions in metropolitan France and Corsica. In 5 regions however, PCF members voted against the formation of autonomous lists and opted to back the PS following the first round, these regions were Brittany, Burgundy, Champagne-Ardenne, Lorraine, and Lower Normandy.[12] The PCF alone ran an autonomous list in Corsica, led by {{illm|Dominique Bucchini|ca|Dominique Bucchini|fr}}. The PCF's decision to endorse the PS incumbents following the first round in these five regions led to internal dissent within the party, and was met with the PG's opposition. The PG chose to run dissident, autonomous left-wing lists with the backing of the NPA in Burgundy, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lower Normandy; PCF dissidents in Brittany, Burgundy, and Lorraine chose to join common lists with the PG, and, in Burgundy, the NPA. Inversely, some Communists in the Pays-de-la-Loire and Picardy decided to support the PS list by the first round. In Picardy, the FG also faced a rival list, led by the former PCF "orthodox" deputy Maxime Gremetz. Finally, notwithstanding the NPA's refusal to back the FG, the NPA ended up running common lists with the FG in Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin and Pays-de-la-Loire. The Left Front won 1,137,250 votes (5.84%) nationally, and an average of 7.5% taking into account only those regions where the FG ran. The FG won at least 4% in every region it ran in, excepting traditionally conservative Alsace (1.9%), and the FG won over 10% in four regions - Auvergne (14.2%), Limousin (13.1%), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (10.8%), and Corsica (10%). The FG merged their lists with the PS in all regions where they could do so (those where they obtained over 5%) with the exception of Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, and Picardy. In Limousin, the FG list did not come to an agreement with the PS list, hence it did not withdraw. In the runoff, Christian Audoin's FG-NPA list won 19.1%. The FG's components won 124 seats in regional councils (in addition 2 seats for the NPA), 92 (90 excluding the NPA) of which were won on FG lists themselves. The PCF won 95 seats, 61 on FG lists and the rest on PS or other lists. The PG won 17, and the GU took 7.[13] Compared to the 2004 regional elections, in which the PCF had won 185 seats, this represented a net loss. The PCF's leadership conceded that the FG had not won as many seats as they had hoped for, but they imputed the blame on FG's decision to run independently (in 2004, the PCF ran fewer autonomous lists, hence winning more seats by allying by the PS by the first round) as well as the growing weight of Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV) within the left-wing bloc. The PG's national secretary, Éric Coquerel, said that while the FG came out weakened numerically, they came out strengthened politically.[14] However, what was considered a relatively poor result, in addition to the PCF's seat losses, created tensions and recriminations within the FG. PCF tendencies which opposed the leadership, and were cooler on the FG (namely, the "orthodox" and "rénovateurs") signaled their disapproval with the PCF leadership.[14] 2011 cantonal electionsThe FG signaled its intention to run as many common candidates as it could in the 2011 cantonal elections. The PCF, despite its decline nationally, had maintained a strong presence at the local level, including in General Councils (cantonal elections elect the General Councils of every Department). The PCF's objective in 2011 was to hold on to the presidency of the Allier and Val-de-Marne, and regain the Seine-Saint-Denis (a historic PCF stronghold lost to the PS in 2008) and the Cher. Depending on the department, some candidates were supported by the NPA or the MRC. Nationally, PCF and PG candidates won 8.9% of the vote together, and over 10% only in those cantons where the FG had a candidate. The FG became the second largest force on the left, surpassing the Greens (EELV). Although the PCF held on to the Allier and Val-de-Marne, it fell short in the Seine-Saint-Denis and the Cher although it enjoyed net gains of one seat in both of these departments. Overall, the PCF and PG won 121 seats (116 PCF, 5 PG); in 2004, the PCF alone had won 7.8% and 108 seats. The FG's creation and the political dynamic it created halted the PCF's decline.[15] 2012 presidential and legislative elections{{further|French presidential election, 2012#Jean-Luc Mélenchon}}The component parties of the FG decided to run a single, common candidate in the 2012 presidential election. Jean-Luc Mélenchon, the leader of the PG, officially announced his candidacy on 21 January 2011.[16] He received the support of the Unitarian Left (GU) and the FASE. On 5 June, the PCF's national delegates approved, with 63.6% against 36.4%, a resolution which included an endorsement of Mélenchon's candidacy as the Front's candidate. On 16–18 June, the PCF's members voted in favour of Mélenchon's candidacy in an internal primary. He won 59%, with PCF deputy André Chassaigne obtaining 36.8% and Emmanuel Dang Tran, an "orthodox" Communist, taking only 4.1%.[17][18] Mélenchon was later described as the "surprise" or "revelation" of the campaign, after his standing in polls jumped from around 5-7%, in the fall of 2011, to 14-15%, in the last weeks of the campaign. His open-air meetings were successful, attracting crowds of up to 120,000 people in Paris (18 March) and Marseille (14 April). He proposed raising the minimum wage to €1,700; setting a maximum wage differential of 1 to 20 in all businesses, so that employers wishing to increase their own salaries would also have to increase those of their employees; setting social and environmental norms which businesses would have to respect in order to receive public subsidies; supporting social enterprise through government procurement; taxing imports which did not meet certain social and environmental norms; and reestablishing 60 as the legal retirement age with a full pension. The FG's platform endorsed "ecological planning" with the goal of building a green, sustainable economy, backed by a "green rule" (règle verte) to be entrenched in the Constitution. Mélenchon's platform supported raising taxes for the wealthy and creating a 100% tax rate for those with an income over €360,000 (thereby creating a maximum wage). Businesses who created jobs, paid higher wages and/or provided job training would receive tax cuts. Mélenchon also proposed to convene a constituent assembly to draft a constitution for a "Sixth Republic". Mélenchon won 11.10%, or 3,984,822 votes, in the first round. Given his slight underperformance compared to the last polls, alongside Marine Le Pen's overperformance, the result was viewed as a relative disappointment by many FG members. Nonetheless, others in the alliance sought to underline Mélenchon's success. Indeed, by taking 11% of the vote, he won the best result for a PCF-affiliated candidate since Georges Marchais had won 15% in the 1981 presidential election. Furthermore, Mélenchon proved successful at coalescing voters to the left of the PS behind his candidacy, in 2002 and again in 2007 support for the 'radical left' on the PS' left had been split between many dissident candidacies. Mélenchon did not explicitly endorse PS candidate François Hollande for the runoff, but he implicitly supported the PS candidate - and eventual winner - by calling on his supporters to defeat incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy. On 24 April, the FG refused to participate in common meetings with other left-wing parties to support Hollande's candidacy but called for a mass demonstration on 4 May to defeat Sarkozy.[19] Legislative elections{{further|French legislative election, 2012}}The FG, which was defending 19 seats in the legislative elections, ran candidates in almost every constituency in France (560 out of 577 seats). About three-quarters of the FG's candidates (418) were members of the PCF, while 102 were members of the FG. The FG called on other left-wing parties, including the PS and EELV, to form a 'common front' in about 60 constituencies where they foresaw a high risk that the left would be absent from the runoff, which they feared would instead oppose the far-right National Front (FN) to the right-wing Union for a Popular Movement (UMP).[20] Negotiations between the different parties ultimately failed and no agreement was reached.[21] On 12 May, Mélenchon announced his candidacy in the Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency in order to run against a nemesis of the left, Marine Le Pen, in her political base.[22] In the first round, FG candidates won 1,792,923 votes (6.91%), a result which was significantly lower than Mélenchon's result on 22 April. Although the FG's result was better than the PCF's result in the last legislative elections in 2007 (where it had won 4.3%) the FG nevertheless did unexpectedly poorly, with a number of FG incumbents falling into second place behind the PS in their constituencies. The PCF and PS having almost always applied a policy of 'mutual withdrawals' (désistement républicain) in runoff elections (whereby the weaker left-wing candidate drops out in favour of the stronger left-wing candidate); the application of this rule meant that the FG had only 9 incumbents who could be reelected. In the Pas-de-Calais, Mélenchon was defeated in the first round, placing third behind the FN and PS with 21.5%. Notwithstanding the tradition of mutual withdrawal, incumbent deputy Patrick Braouezec in the Seine-Saint-Denis did not withdraw, forcing the FG to un-endorse him. Nevertheless, this was an isolated case - all other FG candidates who had qualified for the runoff but placed second behind a left-wing candidate dropped out; the few PS candidates in a mirror situation did likewise. In the runoff, the FG came out with 10 seats - reelecting 9 incumbents and gaining one seat, with former PCF deputy {{illm|Patrice Carvalho|de|Patrice Carvalho|fr|Patrice Carvalho|ru|Карвальо, Патрис}} (1997–2002) winning back his old seat in the Oise. Of the FG's 10 deputies, 7 were members of the PCF, 2 from the FASE, and one from the PG (Marc Dolez, who has since left the PG but still supports the FG). With the support of left-wing deputies from overseas departments, the FG was able to save its parliamentary group, the Democratic and Republican Left (GDR), in the National Assembly. CompositionThe following parties are member of the FG:
The Alternatives, GA, C&A, the FASE, R&S and GU along with social movement activists are currently undergoing a regrouping process in the eventuality of founding a new organisation.[23] IdeologyPolitical positionAn ideologically heterogeneous coalition, the FG has been described as a communist, left-wing, radical left, anti-liberal left, anti-capitalist left or far-left party.{{By whom|date=May 2017}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} Jean-Luc Mélenchon himself has said that he does not consider himself of the far-left,[24] and the far-left label has primarily been used for strategic reasons by the right. Marc Dolez, a former PG deputy who left Mélenchon's party in December 2012 while remaining active in the FG, claimed that Mélenchon and the FG's strategy of attacking the PS has 'cornered' the FG on the far-left.[25] Political journalists and analysts including Vincent Tiberj and Laurent de Boissieu recused the far-left label for the FG, although some far-left parties are part of the alliance.[26][27] Some political analysts believe that the 'far-left' is used by the right-wing UMP for strategic reasons - for the purposes of attacking the PS and justifying potential rapprochements between the UMP and the FN.[28] PlatformJean-Luc Mélenchon and the FG's platform in the 2012 presidential election was broken up into nine overarching 'themes'.[29]
The FG also supports same-sex marriage, same-sex adoption, voting rights for resident foreigners, euthanasia, and constitutional recognition of a woman's right to have an abortion. Electoral resultsPresidential
Legislative
European Parliament
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|title=France|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|date=2017}} 2. ^Jean-Luc Mélenchon: "A general reorientation of policy is what’s on the agenda." (english) | L'Humanité 3. ^{{fr icon}} Résolution du Conseil national pour les élections européennes {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207041813/http://www.pcf.fr/spip.php?article3186 |date=2009-02-07 }} on the PCF website 4. ^{{fr icon}} CommunisteS #332{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on the PCF website 5. ^{{fr icon}} [https://www.humanite.fr/Front-de-gauche-et-front-durable-entretien-avec-Christian-Picquet Front de gauche et front durable : entretien avec Christian Picquet], L'Humanité, 4 March 2009 6. ^{{fr icon}} Élections européennes : la position du Conseil national du Mouvement Républicain et Citoyen, Resolution adopted by the national council of the MRC, 22 March 2009 7. ^{{fr icon}} [https://www.humanite.fr/2009-03-30_Politique_Le-Front-de-gauche-boucle-ses-listes Le Front de gauche boucle ses listes] L'Humanité, 30 March 2009 8. ^{{fr icon}} The project of the Left Front for the 2009 European elections 9. ^{{fr icon}} Buffet appelle à élargir le Front de gauche Libération, 10 June 2009 10. ^Analyse des résultats (suite) : un regret {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831095047/http://lepartidegauche.fr/editos/actualites/726-analyse-des-resultats-suite-un-remords |date=2009-08-31 }} on the PG website, 9 June 2009 {{fr icon}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pcf.fr/spip.php?article3907 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-03-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219000806/http://pcf.fr/spip.php?article3907 |archivedate=2010-12-19 |df= }} 12. ^{{fr icon}} Le PCF reconduit le Front de gauche dans au moins 16 régions, Le Point, 23 November 2009 13. ^Les élus par parti aux élections régionales iPolitique.fr 14. ^1 {{fr icon}} Malheureux qui communistes..., Libération, 27 March 2010 15. ^{{fr icon}} Analyse des résultats du Front de Gauche aux élections cantonales, Ifop website 16. ^{{fr icon}} Mélenchon candidat a la présidentielle, Le Figaro, 21 January 2011 17. ^{{fr icon}} Résultats du vote des 16, 17 et 18 Juin 2011 Official results on the PCF website 18. ^{{fr icon}} Mélenchon, élu par les militants PCF, peut partir en campagne pour 2012, Le Parisien, 18 June 2011 19. ^{{fr icon}} [https://www.humanite.fr/politique/un-meeting-place-stalingrad-pour-battre-sarkozy-le-4-mai-495257 Un meeting place Stalingrad pour "battre Sarkozy", le 4 mai], L'Humanité, 24 April 2012 20. ^{{fr icon}} La gauche contrainte à l'union dans 66 circonscriptions, Le Figaro, 10 May 2012 21. ^{{fr icon}} Législatives : les négociations tournent au vinaigre à gauche, Le Figaro, 16 May 2012 22. ^{{fr icon}} Mélenchon officialise sa candidature contre Marine Le Pen à Hénin-Beaumont, L'Express, 12 May 2012 23. ^"The NPA - a balance sheet", International Viewpoint, 2013. 24. ^{{fr icon}} Jean-Luc Mélenchon : "Le vote utile est une camisole de force", Interview with Jean-Luc Mélenchon in Sud-Ouest, 31 March 2012; he said: "I am not far-left, but left-wing" 25. ^{{fr icon}} Le député Dolez claque la porte du parti de Mélenchon in Le Figaro, 20 December 2012 26. ^{{fr icon}} Le Front de Gauche est-il d'extrême gauche?, iPolitique.fr, 13 June 2012 27. ^{{fr icon}} « L'après-présidentielle 2012 : quels enjeux pour le Front de Gauche, l'extrême-gauche et Jean-Luc Mélenchon ? », Vincent Tiberj in TNS Sofres, 30 May 2012 28. ^{{fr icon}} Front républicain ou Front national, les raisons et limites du "ni-ni", La Croix, 12 June 2012 29. ^{{fr icon}} Le programme du Front de gauche et de son candidat commun Jean-Luc Mélenchon - L'humain d'abord on the PCF website External links
7 : 2008 establishments in France|Defunct political party alliances in France|Eurosceptic parties in France|French Communist Party|Political parties of the French Fifth Republic|Socialist parties in France|United fronts |
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