“Kristang language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Papia Kristang ("speak kristang"), or just Kristang, is a creole language. It is spoken by the Kristang, a community of people of mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry, chiefly in Malacca (Malaysia).

The language is also called Cristão or Cristan ("Christian"), Portugues di Melaka ("Malacca Portuguese"), Linggu Mai ("Mother Tongue") or simply Papia. Papia means speak. However, locals and most of the Kristang community refer to the language as "Portugis".

Distribution

The language has about 750 speakers in Malacca^[1] and another 100 in Singapore.^[2] A small number of speakers also live in other Portuguese Eurasian communities in Kuala Lumpur and Penang in Malaysia, and in diaspora communities in Perth, Canada, the United Kingdom and elsewhere.^[3]

The language is currently in steep decline, although efforts to revive it have begun in recent years in both Malacca, at the Portuguese Settlement, and Singapore, under the [https://kodrah.kristang.com Kodrah Kristang] initiative led by Kevin Martens Wong.^[4]

History

The Kristang language originated after the conquest of Malacca (Malaysia) in 1511 by the Portuguese Empire. The community of speakers descends mainly from interracial relationships between Portuguese men and local women, as well as a number of migrants from Portuguese India, themselves of mixed Indo-Portuguese ancestry.

Kristang had a substantial influence on Macanese, the creole language spoken in Macau, due to substantial migration from Malacca after its takeover by the Dutch.

Even after Portugal lost Malacca and almost all contact in 1641, the Kristang community largely preserved its language. The language is not taught at school, although there are still some Church services in Portuguese.

Features

Because of its largely Portuguese vocabulary, and perhaps also as a result of migrations and cultural exchange along trade routes, Kristang has much in common with other Portuguese-based creoles, including the extinct creoles of Indonesia and East Timor.

Grammar

To indicate verb tenses, the following appositions are used: jah (i.e. from the Portuguese já, meaning "already", or controversially a corruption of Malay dah, shortened version of sudah, also "already") for past tenses; ta (from está, which means "is") for present continuous tenses and logu or lo (from logo, which means "soon") for the future tense. These simplified forms correspond with their equivalents in Malay sudah, sedang, and akan, respectively.

Vocabulary

A peculiarity of the language is the pronoun yo (meaning "I") which is used in northern Portuguese dialects (pronounced as yeu) as well as Spanish and Italian/Sicilian.

The Kristang lexicon borrowed heavily from Portuguese, but often with drastic truncation; for example, Portuguese padrinho and madrinha ("godfather" and "godmother") became inyu and inya in Kristang.

Metathesis was common: for example, Portuguese gordo "fat" gave Kristang godru. The Portuguese diphthong oi (or archaic ou) was reduced to o, e.g. dois/dous "two" → dos, à noite/à noute "tonight" → anoti/anuti.

Many Portuguese words that began with ch, pronounced {{IPA|[ʃ]}} ("sh") in modern Portuguese, have the pronunciation {{IPA|[tʃ]}} ("ch" as in "cheese") in Kristang. So, for example, Portuguese chegar "to arrive" and chuva "rain" produced Kristang chegak and chua (pronounced with {{IPA|[tʃ]}}). This could have been due to Malay influence, or it could be that Kristang preserved the original pronunciation {{IPA|[tʃ]}} of Old Portuguese. (Note that Portuguese "ch" pronounced {{IPA|[tʃ]}} occurs in Northern Portugal.)

Writing system

Kristang was and is largely an oral language and has never been taught officially in schools. The first proposal for a standard orthography was made in the late 1980s, with the publication of a thesis, “A Grammar of Kristang”, by Alan N. Baxter, in which he emphasizes the use of the Malay orthography.^[5]

As in most Portuguese dialects, the vowel e is usually pronounced {{IPA|[i]}} when followed by a syllable with {{IPA|/i/}}; so, for example, penitensia ("penitence") is pronounced {{IPA|[piniˈteɲsia]}}.

In the 1990s, Joan Margaret Marbeck's book Ungua Andanza was published, with the orthography written in a Luso-Malay context.^[6]

Examples

Common phrases

Poem of Malacca

See also

References

1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Baxter|first1=Alan Norman|title=Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) –a long-time survivor seriously endangered|journal=Estudios de Sociolingüística|date=2005|volume=6|issue=1|page=16}}
2. ^{{cite web|last1=Wong|first1=Kevin Martens|title=Kodrah Kristang Kaminyu di Kodramintu: Kinyang Ngua (The Kristang Language Revitalization Plan, Phase One)|url=https://kodrahkristang.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/kaminyu-di-kodramintu-v1.pdf|website=Kodrah Kristang|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013200854/https://kodrahkristang.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/kaminyu-di-kodramintu-v1.pdf|archivedate=October 13, 2016|df=}}
3. ^{{cite book|last1=Baxter|first1=Alan Norman|title=A grammar of Kristang|date=1988|publisher=Australian National University Press|location=Canberra, Australia|page=17}}
4. ^{{cite web|last1=Wong|first1=Kevin Martens|title=Kodrah Kristang Kaminyu di Kodramintu: Kinyang Ngua (The Kristang Language Revitalization Plan, Phase One)|url=https://kodrahkristang.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/kaminyu-di-kodramintu-v1.pdf|website=Kodrah Kristang|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013200854/https://kodrahkristang.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/kaminyu-di-kodramintu-v1.pdf|archivedate=October 13, 2016|df=}}
5. ^Baxter, Alan N. 1988. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tcNwAAAAIAAJ A grammar of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese)]. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. https://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-B95.
6. ^Joan Margaret Marbeck. Ungua Adanza (Heritage). Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1995