| 词条 | Kristianstad | |||||||||
| 释义 |
|official_name = Kristianstad |image_skyline = Kristianstad 070628-1.JPG |image_caption = Kristianstad |image_shield = Kristianstad vapen.svg |pushpin_map = Sweden Skåne#Sweden |pushpin_label_position = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Sweden |subdivision_type3 = Municipality |subdivision_name3 = Kristianstad Municipality |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = Skåne County |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = Skåne |area_footnotes = [1] |area_total_km2 = 21.4 |population_as_of = 31 December 2016 |population_footnotes = [1] |population_total = 40,145 |population_density_km2 = 1876 |timezone = CET |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = CEST |utc_offset_DST = +2 |coordinates = {{coord|56|01|46|N|14|09|24|E|region:SE|display=inline,title}} |website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204102228/http://www.kristianstad.se/sv/Kristianstads-kommun/Sprak/English/ Official website] }} Kristianstad ({{IPA-sv|krɪˈɧanːsta}}, older spelling Christianstad) is a city and the seat of Kristianstad Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 40,145 inhabitants in 2016.[1] During the last 15 years, it has gone from a garrison town to a developed commercial city, today attracting visitors in the summertime mainly from Germany, Denmark and The Netherlands. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} HistoryThe city was founded in 1614 by King Christian IV of Denmark, the city's name literally means 'Town of Christian', as a planned city after the burning of the nearby town of Vä and moving the city rights of the neighbouring town of Sölvesborg and Åhus to the new town. The purpose of the town was to safeguard the eastern half of the Danish province of Scania against any future raids from Sweden in the north, but also as a symbol of the power of Christian himself. One of these raids had sacked the nearby town of Vä in 1612. Vä then lost its charter and the people were moved to the new, better fortified city. The king also founded the town of Christianopel in eastern Blekinge to serve a similar purpose. Construction of the towns was a great prestige project for the king, and Kristianstad's church ({{lang-da|Trefoldighedskirken}}; {{lang-sv|Heliga Trefaldighetskyrkan}}) is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful buildings constructed by King Christian IV, or even northern Europe's most beautiful Renaissance church. This meant that the church was built considerably larger than there was initially use for. The king also wanted castle or fortress constructed inside the town but shortage of funds made this impossible, of the intendend castle only an arsenal was constructed which today serves as the main building of the local museum. Also in Christianstad the town planning of the Renaissance could be laid down for the first time at the foundation of the town. This makes the Kristianstad town centre of today exceptionally well-kept and easy to get around in. The city's coat of arms depicts two lions holding the King Christian IV's crowned insignia, the monogram C4. The coat of arms was only slightly modified after the Swedish takeover following the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde in which the eastern third of Denmark was ceded to Sweden. The coat of arms is very similar to the coat of arms of the former town of Christianopel in eastern Blekinge, a town also founded by Christian IV. Since 1971, the coat of arms is used by Kristianstad Municipality. Kristianstad's coat of arms is one of the few coat of arms in the world depicting a foreign king's or queen's coat of arms. A reason for the Swedes to continue using the old coat of arms could be its colours – blue and yellow. Pylyp Orlyk was after 1709 chosen as a Hetman in exile by the cossacks and the Swedish king Charles XII. While in Bender Orlyk wrote one of the first state constitutions in Europe. This Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk was confirmed by Charles XII and it also names him as the protector of Ukraine. After 1714 Orlyk now together with several other cossacks followed the Swedish king Charles XII to Sweden. Orlyk with his family and about 40 other Cossacks arrived in Ystad, Sweden in late November 1715. After some months in Ystad they lived in the city of Kristianstad for some years.[2] Orlyk wrote numerous proclamations and essays about Ukraine including the 1710 Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk.[3]Kristianstad served as capital of Kristianstad County between 1719 and 1997. It now houses the administration and the regional parliament of the Skåne Regional Council. For a long time Kristianstad also was a very important garrison town, the A3 Wendes Artillery Regiment and the P6 South Scanian Infantry Regiment being the towns most prominent military units. Also the town housed for many years the so-called Scanian Fortification Brigade. The Wendes Artillery Regiment served with distinction in the Napoleonic Wars. One of Sweden's higher courts of appeal was located in Kristianstad before being moved to Malmö in 1917. GeographySweden's lowest point, at 2.41 meters below mean sea level, is located in Kristianstad. Because of this, parts of the city have to be protected from flooding by a system of levees and water pumps. To expand the city, large areas of low-lying wetlands have had to be walled in, especially to the east. To prevent future flooding of the city center, the existing levees are in the process of being reinforced and new levees against both Helge å and Hammarsjön are under construction. An extensive system of ponds and dams is also under construction. The threat of flooding became substantial during late winter 2002, when the greater part of the public park Tivoliparken was under water.[4] However, the wetlands around the city are starting to be regarded more as an asset, not least thanks to the creation of Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve.[5] Today the Vattenriket is a Unesco biosphere reserve. ClimateKristianstad straddles the line between an oceanic climate (Cfb) and a humid continental climate (Dfb) typical of southern Sweden. The marine influence is greater during winter, a season that averages above the freezing point. Summers are warm and comparatively long by Swedish standards. {{Weather box|location = Kristianstad, 2002–2016; extremes since 1901, precipitation 1961–1990 |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 11.6 |Feb record high C = 15.3 |Mar record high C = 20.4 |Apr record high C = 25.6 |May record high C = 29.5 |Jun record high C = 32.9 |Jul record high C = 32.9 |Aug record high C = 33.6 |Sep record high C = 27.5 |Oct record high C = 23.5 |Nov record high C = 17.7 |Dec record high C = 13.0 |year record high C = 32.4 |Jan high C = 2.3 |Feb high C = 2.8 |Mar high C = 6.9 |Apr high C = 12.4 |May high C = 17.4 |Jun high C = 20.6 |Jul high C = 23.0 |Aug high C = 22.0 |Sep high C = 18.3 |Oct high C = 12.0 |Nov high C = 7.3 |Dec high C = 4.0 |year high C = 12.4 |Jan mean C = -0.1 |Feb mean C = 0.2 |Mar mean C = 2.8 |Apr mean C = 7.0 |May mean C = 11.8 |Jun mean C = 15.1 |Jul mean C = 17.7 |Aug mean C = 17.1 |Sep mean C = 13.5 |Oct mean C = 8.5 |Nov mean C = 4.7 |Dec mean C = 1.6 |year mean C = 8.3 |Jan low C = -2.6 |Feb low C = -2.4 |Mar low C = -1.3 |Apr low C = 1.6 |May low C = 6.2 |Jun low C = 9.6 |Jul low C = 12.5 |Aug low C = 12.3 |Sep low C = 8.8 |Oct low C = 4.9 |Nov low C = 2.2 |Dec low C = -0.8 |year low C = 4.2 |Jan record low C = -27.8 |Feb record low C = -23.4 |Mar record low C = -22.8 |Apr record low C = -8.5 |May record low C = -3.8 |Jun record low C = 0.2 |Jul record low C = 4.5 |Aug record low C = 2.2 |Sep record low C = -2.0 |Oct record low C = -9.9 |Nov record low C = -15.0 |Dec record low C = -24.6 |year record low C = -27.8 |Jan precipitation mm = 47.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 33.0 |Mar precipitation mm = 36.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 36.1 |May precipitation mm = 42.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 47.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 64.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 50.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 54.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 50.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 53.7 |Dec precipitation mm = 50.7 |year precipitation mm = 561.8 |source 1 = SMHI Average Precipitation 1961-1990[6] |date=April 2015 |source 2 = SMHI Average Data 2002-2016[7] }} EnvironmentalKristianstad has by now crossed a vital threshold, as the city and adjacent municipality, with a population of 80,000, in essence use no oil, natural gas or coal to warm homes and businesses, even throughout the extensive chilly winters. It is an absolute turnaround from 20 years ago, when all of its heating came from fossil fuels.[8] IndustryAbsolut Vodka, owned by Pernod Ricard, is produced by the town of Åhus located within the municipality. Kristianstad was the main military seat in Scania for a long time, boosting military camps and trainings. After the reforms and military cutbacks of the 1990s all of these have been closed, although a new military presence is being established in nearby Rinkaby which holds an old military training ground. Also in and around Kristianstad are numerous enterprises concerned with agriculture and it is usually said that every Swede everyday eats something produced from Kristianstad. At the old garrison ground for the P6 South Scanian Infantry Regiment (later mechanized) there is today the local Kristianstad University which is specialized in educating teachers and nurses. CultureThe Swedish Film industry (Svensk Filmindustri) commenced its activities in Kristianstad in the 1910s, {{citation needed|date=September 2013}} before moving to Stockholm in 1920. Today the old studio is a museum. EventsThe 2011 World Scout Jamboree was held near Rinkaby, in Kristianstad municipality. Also every summer there is a huge beachhandboll tournament in Åhus. Notable natives
Sister citiesKristianstad has eight sister cities:[9]
SightsSee also
References
Brew, Margit [https://web.archive.org/web/20100523110357/http://scandinavianfootprints.com/ Scandinavian footprints: a history of Scandinavians settling in New Zealand] Auckland, NZ: M.Brew, c2007. Notes1. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/miljo/markanvandning/tatorter-arealer-befolkning/pong/tabell-och-diagram/tatorter-2016-befolkning-landareal-andel-som-overlappas-av-fritidshusomraden/ |title=Tätorter 2016; befolkning, landareal, andel som överlappas av fritidshusområden |date=5 April 2017 |publisher=Statistics Sweden |language=Swedish |accessdate=16 April 2017}} 2. ^Alfred Jensen: Mazepa, p.174–194. Lund 1909. 3. ^300th anniversary of first Ukrainian constitution written by Pylyp Orlyk being celebrated, Kyiv Post (April 5, 2010) 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.kristianstad.se/oversvamningsskydd|title=Skydd mot översvämningar (Protection from flooding)|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-16}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.vattenriket.kristianstad.se/eng/|title=Summary|last=|first=|date=|website=www.vattenriket.kristianstad.se|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-15}} 6. ^{{cite web| url=http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/month_year/normal_1961_1990/SMHI_month_year_normal_61_90_precipitation_mm.txt| title=Precipitation Averages 1961-90 (Kristianstad code 6403)| accessdate=7 March 2016| publisher=SMHI| date=March 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240| title=Statistics from Weather Stations| language=Swedish| accessdate=13 June 2017| publisher=SMHI| date=June 2017}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/11/science/earth/11fossil.html?ref=sweden |title=Using Waste, Swedish City Cuts Its Fossil Fuel Use |date=December 10, 2010 |newspaper=New York Times}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Twin Cities |url=http://www.kristianstad.se/sv/Kristianstads-kommun/Sprak/English/International/Twin-Towns/ |publisher=Kristianstad |accessdate=29 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406173853/http://www.kristianstad.se/sv/kristianstads-kommun/sprak/english/international/twin-towns/ |archivedate= 6 April 2016 |df= }} External links{{Commons}}
6 : Populated places in Skåne County|Municipal seats of Skåne County|Swedish municipal seats|Populated places established in 1614|Lowest points|1614 establishments in Denmark |
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