| 词条 | Kroonstad |
| 释义 |
| name = Kroonstad | other_name = Maokeng | image_skyline = Alex Fairweather building.jpg | image_caption = Alex Fairweather corner in the CBD | pushpin_map = South Africa Free State#South Africa | coordinates = {{coord|27|39|S|27|14|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = South Africa | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Free State | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = Fezile Dabi | subdivision_type3 = Municipality | subdivision_name3 = Moqhaka | subdivision_type4 = Main Place | established_title = Established | established_date = 1854[1] | leader_title = Councillor | area_footnotes = [2] | area_total_km2 = 89.1 | population_footnotes = [2] | population_total = 168762 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = Racial makeup (2011) | demographics1_footnotes = [2] | demographics1_title1 = Black African | demographics1_info1 = 85.2% | demographics1_title2 = Coloured | demographics1_info2 = 4.0% | demographics1_title3 = Indian/Asian | demographics1_info3 = 0.4% | demographics1_title4 = White | demographics1_info4 = 10.1% | demographics1_title5 = Other | demographics1_info5 = 0.3% | demographics_type2 = First languages (2011) | demographics2_footnotes = [2] | demographics2_title1 = Sotho | demographics2_info1 = 73.3% | demographics2_title2 = Afrikaans | demographics2_info2 = 15.8% | demographics2_title3 = English | demographics2_info3 = 3.1% | demographics2_title4 = Xhosa | demographics2_info4 = 2.5% | demographics2_title5 = Other | demographics2_info5 = 5.3% | timezone1 = SAST | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = Postal code (street) | postal_code = 9499 | postal2_code_type = PO box | postal2_code = 9500 | area_code_type = Area code | area_code = 056 }}Kroonstad (Afrikaans for "Crown City") is the third largest city in the Free State (after Bloemfontein and Welkom) and lies two hours drive on the N1 from Gauteng. Maokeng is an area within Kroonstad, and is occasionally used as a synonym of the town itself.[3][4] It is the second-largest commercial and urban centre in the Northern Free State (after Welkom), and an important railway junction on the main line from Cape Town to Johannesburg. Maokeng is Sesotho and means "place of the thorn trees (mimosa trees)".[5][6] HistoryKroonstad was established in 1855[7] by the Irish pioneer Joseph Orpen, and was the first city founded after the independence of the Orange Free State. While {{lang|af|Kroon}} means "crown", this was in fact the name of a horse that had drowned in the nearby ford. A lover of animals, Orpen had witnessed the incident, and named the infant settlement in honour of the unfortunate creature. Similarly, the ford in question came to be known as Kroondrift.[7][8] During the Second Boer War, from 13 March to 11 May 1900, the town became the capital of the Orange Free State, and subsequently the site of a British concentration camp to accommodate Boer women and children. EconomyThe main industry of Kroonstad is agriculture. It is the centre of a rich agricultural district, producing maize, wheat, dairy and meat products and wool. The Bloemhoek Dam lies just east of the town and supplies much of its water needs. A caravan park and many more camp sites on the banks of the willow-lined Vals River (Valsrivier) are frequented by anglers and watersport enthusiasts. LeisureLeisure opportunities are plentiful in Kroonstad, where visitors can enjoy golf on the 18-hole course in the town, lion tours and interaction with lion and tiger cubs at the Boskoppie Lion and Tiger Park, fishing in the well stocked Vals River or on the Bloemhoek Dam, and boating on the Serfontein Dam. Horseriding, gliding and hiking trails are also available. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} TransportRoadKroonstad lies directly on the N1, and bypasses the town to the east. Other regional roads in the town are the R34 to Odendaalsrus (south-west), the R76 to Steynsrus (south-east), the R721 to Vredefort (north-west) and the R82 to Heilbron (north-east). RailKroonstad Railway Station serves the town and is located on the important railway junction from Cape Town to Johannesburg via Bloemfontein. On 4 January 2018, a passenger train, operated by Shosholoza Meyl, collided with a truck on a level crossing near Kroonstad/Hennenman. The train was derailed, and at least one of the carriages caught fire. Twenty people were killed and 260 were injured.[9] AirKroonstad is served by a small airport with no passenger flights. ShoppingShopping in Kroonstad is characterised by typical high street shopping. The development of the new Kroonstad Waterfront Mall is underway, Maokeng Mall, Panorama Plaza, Checkers Centre, Shoprite Centre and Pick'n'Pay centre. General attractionsKroonstad is said to be one of the Free State’s loveliest towns and lies on the banks of the Vals River, a tributary of the Vaal, roughly two hours’ drive from Johannesburg. It is situated in an area characterised by open spaces and an abundant variety of vegetation that makes it particularly beautiful. Kroonstad is a quaint town that serves as a good stop over en route between Johannesburg and Bloemfontein, lying as it does at virtually the halfway mark. Kroonstad offers an array of activities that include flea markets, a tea garden, fishing on the Vals River or at the Bloemhoek Dam, walking trails and lion tours and lion and tiger interaction at Boskoppie Lion and Tiger park. Today, as an important administrative, agricultural and educational centre, Kroonstad still boasts much of the inherent rugged beauty which led the Voortrekkers to establish the town where they did. Sporting facilities of all kinds are well catered for, notably for jukskei, an Afrikaner folk sport. The headquarters of the SA Jukskei Council has been established here since 1951. The city is rich in historical sights; several historic buildings and statues, a former concentration camp, the Sarel Cilliers Museum (although currently inactive) and other places of national interest can be found here. Kroonstad is an important agricultural service centre in the Free State with a predominantly agricultural-orientated economy served by a modern toll-road. This brings the PWV Region within two hours drive from Kroonstad as well as being accessible from the North West, Bloemfontein and the Eastern Free State. Historical sitesThe Bloemspruit Monument {{coord|27|40|18|S|27|12|23|E|type:landmark_region:ZA|display=inline}} commemorates those who died in the Kroonstad Concentration Camp, A Garden of Remembrance {{coord|27|39|05|S|27|14|19|E|type:landmark_region:ZA|display=inline}} commemorates Allied soldiers fallen in the two World Wars. A blockhouse south of the city is a reminder of later stages of the Second Boer War. Stone corbelled huts, refuges for the prehistoric inhabitants of the region, occur in various locations about the city. In addition, San rock art and fossils are present in the region. Notable people
Coat of armsBy 1931, the Kroonstad municipal council had assumed a coat of arms.[10] It was registered with the Orange Free State Provincial Administration in February 1967[11] and at the Bureau of Heraldry in April 1971.[12] The arms were: Or, a tree on an island proper; on a chief Argent fimbriated Azure, a locomotive and tender Sable ("a golden shield displaying a tree on a grassy base, below a black locomotive and tender on a silver stripe across the top of the shield"). Originally, an imperial crown was placed above the shield, but it was replaced with a golden mural crown in the 1960s. The supporters were a black wildebeest and a blesbok, and the motto was Finis coronat opus. Sister citiesKroonstad has two sister cities whose names are reminiscent of its own:
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Chronological order of city establishment in South Africa based on Floyd (1960:20-26)|url=http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07212011-123414/unrestricted/05back.pdf|pages=xlv-lii}} 2. ^1 2 3 Sum of the Main Places Kroonstad and Maokeng from Census 2011. 3. ^{{cite book|title=Gaffney's Local Government in South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNlCAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Gaffney Group|page=609|quote= in Maokeng / Kroonstad}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Land reform research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgpCAQAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Land and Agriculture Policy Centre|page=14|quote= near Kroonstad's Maokeng township}} 5. ^{{cite journal |title=Leadership|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nggvAQAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Churchill Murray Publications|page=xlix|quote= Maokeng (the name means "place of the thorn trees" [...] | volume = 9 | issue = 6 - 10}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Ntantala|first=Phyllis|authorlink=Phyllis Ntantala|title=A Life's Mosaic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25NDf3R86ooC&pg=PA80|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08172-7|page=80|quote= Kroonstad is known as Maokeng - 'at the place of the mimosa groves' - by the Sotho}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|last=Raper|first=R.E.|title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names|publisher= Human Sciences Research Council |url=https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames#page/n261/mode/2up}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geni.com/people/Joseph-Millerd-Orpen/6000000018953033632 |title=Joseph Millerd Orpen (1828 - 1923) - Genealogy |publisher=Geni.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-21}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42565653 |title=South Africa train crash: Four dead in truck collision |publisher=BBC News Online |accessdate=4 January 2018}} 10. ^The arms were depicted on a cigarette card{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} issued in 1931. 11. ^Orange Free State Official Gazette 8 (17 February 1967). 12. ^http://www.national.archsrch.gov.za{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} External links{{commons category}}{{Wikivoyage}}
5 : Populated places in the Moqhaka Local Municipality|Second Boer War concentration camps|Former national capitals|Populated places established in 1855|1855 establishments in the Orange Free State |
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