| 词条 | Leonard Feeney |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix =Father | name =Leonard Edward Feeney | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date ={{Birth date|1897|2|18}} | baptism_date = | birth_place = Lynn, Massachusetts | death_date = {{Death date and age|1978|1|30|1897|2|18}} | death_place = Ayer, Massachusetts | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | monuments = | residence = | nationality = | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = Priest, poet, lyricist, editor, theologian, chaplain | known_for = Feeneyism }} Father Leonard Edward Feeney (February 18, 1897 – January 30, 1978)[1] was an American Jesuit priest, poet, lyricist, and essayist. He articulated and defended a heretical interpretation of the Roman Catholic doctrine, extra Ecclesiam nulla salus ("outside the Church there is no salvation"). He took the position that baptism of blood and baptism of desire are unavailing and that therefore no non-Catholics will be saved.[1][3] Fighting against what he perceived to be the liberalization of Catholic doctrine,[1] he came under ecclesiastical censure. He was described as Boston's homegrown version of Father Charles Coughlin for his antisemitism.[2] BiographyFeeney was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, on February 18, 1897. He entered the novitiate in 1914 and was ordained a priest in 1928. In the 1930s, he was literary editor at the Jesuit magazine, America.[3] He was a professor in Boston College's graduate school, and then professor of spiritual eloquence at the Jesuit seminary in Weston, Massachusetts, before he became the priest chaplain at the Catholic Saint Benedict Center at Harvard Square in 1945. (He had first visited in 1941.) He gave incendiary speeches on the Boston Common on Sundays, leading Robert Kennedy, then a Harvard undergraduate, to write Archbishop Cushing of Boston requesting his removal. He induced some of the faithful to drop out of Harvard or Radcliffe to become students at his Center, now accredited as a Catholic school.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}} From 1946, the Center published From the Housetops, a periodical focused on Catholic theology that enjoyed contributions from the archbishop himself. By 1949, it had begun a controversy over extra ecclesiam nulla salus that led to four of the Center's members' dismissal from their posts in the Boston College theology faculty and Boston College High School.[7][4][5] In light of his controversial behavior, his Jesuit superiors ordered him to leave the Center for a post at College of the Holy Cross, but he repeatedly refused.[7] On August 8, 1949, Cardinal Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani of the Holy Office sent a protocol letter to Archbishop Cushing on the meaning of the dogma extra Ecclesiam nulla salus (outside the church there is no salvation), which Feeney refused to accept.[6] This protocol, approved by the Pope on July 28, 1949 [7], was never published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. After Feeney repeatedly refused to reply to this summons to Rome, he was excommunicated on February 13, 1953 by the Holy See for persistent disobedience to legitimate Church authority due to his refusal to comply with the summons. The decree of excommunication was later published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. His followers said that his excommunication was invalid because Feeney was not given a reason for his summons.[8] Following his excommunication, Feeney set up a community called the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.[1][9][10] He was reconciled to the Roman Catholic Church in 1972, but was not required to retract or recant his interpretation of "Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus". The phrase is inscribed on his tombstone. Speaking two decades after the controversy Cardinal Avery Dulles judged Feeney's doctrine on a series of lectures not having to do with "extra Ecclesiam..." to be quite sound.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Dulles' reflections on Feeney's life did not endorse nor deny Feeney's views on extra Ecclesiam nulla salus, and spoke only to his theology, not his political views on issues such as Zionism.[11] Feeney died in Ayer, Massachusetts, on January 30, 1978. He received a Mass of Christian Burial by his bishop. The PointFeeney was editor of "The Point," which ran a mixture of theological and political articles, many of them branded anti-semitic by Feeney's critics. The newsletter frequently contained sentiments such as: ... the Church has never abandoned her absolute principle that it is possible for an individual Jew to scrap his hateful heritage, sincerely break with the synagogue, and cleanse his cursed blood with the Precious Blood of Jesus. (October 1957) ... we spoke about the plague of Marrano (secret-Jew) Catholics in Spain, and the extreme means (the Inquisition) which was necessary to keep their influence from spreading. (October 1957) Those two powers, the chief two in the world today, are Communism and Zionism. That both movements are avowedly anti-Christian, and that both are in origin and direction As surely and securely as the Jews have been behind Freemasonry, or Secularism, or Communism, they are behind the "anti-hate" drive. The Jews are advocating tolerance only for its destructive value — destructive, that is, of the Catholic Church. On their part, they still keep alive their racial rancors and antipathies.(July 1955) A single year, 1957, saw the following article titles: January: "Jewish Invasion of Our Country—Our Culture Under Siege" February: "When Everyone Was Catholic—The Courage of the Faith in the Thirteenth Century" March: "Dublin's Briscoe Comes to Boston" April: "The Fight for the Holy City—Efforts of the Jews to Control Jerusalem" May: "Our Lady of Fatima Warned Us" June: "The Rejected People of Holy Scripture: Why the Jews Fear the Bible" July: "The Judaising of Christians by Jews—Tactics of the Church's Leading Enemies" August: "A Sure Defence Against the Jews—What Our Catholic Bishops Can Do for Us" September: "An Unholy People in the Holy Land—The Actions of the Jews" October: "The Jewish Lie About Brotherhood—the Catholic Answer—Israeli Brotherhood" November: "Six Pointers on the Jews" Reactions and referencesAs a Harvard undergraduate, Robert Kennedy attended a meeting of students at which he stood up and challenged Feeney, later storming out following the priest's assertion that there was no salvation outside the Catholic faith.[12] A similarly negative reaction to Feeney's teaching was recorded by British novelist and Catholic convert Evelyn Waugh, who wrote of visiting the priest while in the United States:[13] {{quote|I went one morning by appointment & found him surrounded by a court of bemused youths of both sexes & he stark, raving mad. All his converts have chucked their Harvard careers & go to him only for all instruction. He fell into a rambling denunciation of all secular learning which gradually became more & more violent. He shouted that Newman had done irreparable damage to the Church then started on Ronnie Knox's Mass in Slow Motion saying 'To think that any innocent girl of 12 could have this blasphemous & obscene book put into her hands' as though it were Lady Chatterley's Lover. I asked if he had read it. 'I don't have to eat a rotten egg to know it stinks.' Then I got rather angry and rebuked him in strong words. His court sat absolutely aghast at hearing their holy man addressed like this. And in unbroken silence I walked out of the house. I talked to some Jesuits later & they said that he is disobeying the plain orders of his provincial by staying there. It seemed to me he needed an exorcist more than an alienist. A case of demoniac possession & jolly frightening.}}A few years later Feeney wrote critically of Knox and Newman in his collection of essays London is a Place, with an unsympathetic passing reference to Waugh's biography of St. Helena:[14] {{quote|...on the list of [Knox's] recurrent callers, was Mr. Evelyn (pronounced Evil-in) Waugh, whose father, a London publisher, supplied his sons with early printing privileges in pornography, before one of them (Evelyn) turned to hagiography, and whitened his sepulchre with the life of a saint.}}Feeney appears in Paul Theroux's My Secret History: A Novel where he delivers a fiery sermon on Boston Common while surrounded by members of his sect. The adolescent protagonist describes how he "had been scared, but... also been thrilled by his anger and conviction." Bibliography
|title=The children : nine songs for children's chorus and piano |others=words by Leonard Feeney |year=1940s}} Printed Music
|last=Chanler |first=Theodore |title=The children : song |others=words by Leonard Feeney ; music by Theodore Chanler |year=c. 1945}} Printed Music
|title=The children |others=words by Leonard Feeney ; music by Theodore Chanler |year=1945}} Manuscript Music
|title=The flight |others=Theodore Chanler ; words by Leonard Feeney |year=1944}} Manuscript Music
|title=Love is now : song |others=words by Leonard Feeney ; music by Theodore Chanler |year=1940s}} Manuscript Music
|title=Meet Doctor Livermore |others=Chanler ; words by Feeney |year=1940s}} Printed Music
|title=Meet Doctor Livermore |others=Chanler ; words by Feeney |year=1940s}} Manuscript Music
|title=Once upon a time |others=music by Chanler ; words by Feeney |year=1940s}} Manuscript Music
|title=One and one are two |others=music by Chanler ; words by Feeney |year=1940s}} Manuscript Music
|title=Sequence : five songs sung without pause |others=Chanler ; words by Feeney |pages=1940s}} Manuscript Music
|title=The ark and the alphabet, an animal collection |authorlink1=Nathalia Crane |authorlink2=Leonard Feeney |first2=Leonard |last2=Feeney |location=New York |publisher=The Macmillan Company |year=1939}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |location=New York |publisher=The Macmillan company |year=1935}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Saint Benedict Center |year=1952}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |location=New York |publisher=America press |year=1938}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |location=London |publisher=Sheed & Ward |year=1942}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |location=New York |publisher=Sheed & Ward |year=1934}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=The gold we have gathered : selections from the writings of Father Leonard Feeney |others=compiled by the Sisters of Saint Benedict Center, the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Inc. |location=Still River, Mass. |publisher=The Center |year=1989}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |location=New York |publisher=The America Press |year=1943}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=In towns and little towns : a book of poems |location=Fitzwilliam, N.H. |publisher=Loreto Publications |year=2004 |isbn=193027842X}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=In towns and little towns; a book of poems |location=New York |publisher=The American press |year=1927}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=The Leonard Feeney omnibus: a collection of prose and verse, old and new |location=New York |publisher=Sheed & Ward |year=1943}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=London is a place |location=Boston |publisher=Ravengate Press |year=1951}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=Mother Seton, an American woman |location=New York |publisher=Dodd, Mead |year=1947}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=Mother Seton : Saint Elizabeth of New York (1774–1821) |edition=Rev. |location=Cambridge [Mass.] |publisher=Ravengate Press |year=1975 |isbn=0911218068}}
|editor1-last=Feeney |editor1-first=Leonard |editor1-link=Leonard Feeney |title=Poems for memory, an anthology for high school students |location=Chicago, Ill. |publisher=Loyola university press |year=1925}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=Riddle and reverie |location=New York |publisher=The Macmillan company |year=1933}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=Song for a listener |location=New York |publisher=The Macmillan company |year=1936}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=Survival till seventeen |edition=Memorial |others=with an introd. by S. M. Clare |location=Still River, Mass. |publisher=St. Bede's Publications |year=1980 |isbn=0932506089}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard, S.J. |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=Survival till seventeen; some portraits of early ideas |location=New York |publisher=Sheed & Ward|year=1941}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=You'd better come quietly; three sketches, some outlines and additional notes |location=Freeport, N.Y. |publisher=Books for Libraries Press |year=1970 |isbn=0836915690}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=You'd better come quietly; three sketches, some outlines and additional notes [by] Leonard Feeney, S. J. |location=New York and London |publisher=Sheed & Ward |year=1939}}
|last1=Feeney |first1=Leonard |authorlink1=Leonard Feeney |title=Your second childhood; verses |others=Pictures by Michael Cunningham |location=Milwaukee |publisher=Bruce Pub. Co. |year=1945}} See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://catholicism.org/a-latter-day-athanasius-father-leonard-feeney.html |title=A Latter-Day Athanasius: Father Leonard Feeney |date=February 9, 2010 |accessdate=March 25, 2014 |first=Br. John |last=Neumann |publisher=Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary |location=Saint Benedict Center, Richmond, New Hampshire}} 2. ^{{cite book |title=The death of American antisemitism |first=Spencer |last=Blakeslee |page=93 |year=2000 |isbn=0-275-96508-2 |lccn=99029576 |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Praeger, Greenwood Publishing Group |accessdate=2014-03-25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIOBU3wgGp8C&q=feeney#v=snippet&q=feeney&f=false |quote=After World War II, Boston was to acquire a homegrown version of Coughlin in the form of Father Leonard Feeney, a charismatic but openly antisemitic Jesuit priest, whose highly vocal insistence that Catholicism was the only path to salvation gained him a youthful following, but also roused intense anger among Jews and Protestants... Feeney's Sunday speeches on the Boston Common required a police presence to avert violence. His fiery rhetoric also divided a great many Catholics, who feared his oratory would stir a backlash that would block their entrance into the American mainstream. Although Feeney was excommunicated in the 1950s for violating Catholic doctrine, it came too slowly to satisfy many Jews who held strong memories of the Holocaust."}} 3. ^{{cite news |newspaper=America |date=April 13, 2009 |title=Oops! Now and then America got it wrong |first=James T. |last=Keane |accessdate=2014-03-25 |url=http://americamagazine.org/issue/693/article/oops |quote=The national Catholic weekly has also occasionally featured authors whose later antics brought it some embarrassment, including the articles and poetry of a literary editor with a brilliant mind and a talent for comic verse, Leonard Feeney, S.J. Feeney published frequently in America and earned a certain amount of fame for his numerous books, including a book of essays, Fish on Friday. He grew much more famous a few years later for a different reason: his excommunication from the Catholic Church in 1953 for refusing to accept the church's definition of the dogma extra ecclesiam nulla salus ("there is no salvation outside the church"). Though Feeney was reconciled to the church in 1974 (Avery Dulles, S.J., wrote his obituary for America), his establishment of his own schismatic religious community, the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, and his long fight with church authorities overshadowed his literary genius until his death in 1978.}} 4. ^{{cite news |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |first=Laurence D. |last=Savadove |title=Father Feeney, Rebel from Church, Preaches Hate, Own Brand of Dogma to All Comers – One-Time Jesuit Plans To Use Ex-Harvard Men to Spread Idea |date=December 6, 1951 |accessdate=2014-03-25 |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1951/12/6/father-feeney-rebel-from-church-preaches/}} 5. ^{{cite book |title=Robert Kennedy: His Life |authorlink=Evan Thomas |first=Evan |last=Thomas |page=51 |chapter=Tough|accessdate=2014-03-25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofXSLln9a3QC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=robert+kennedy+father+feeney&source=bl&ots=E-lbm0ljTT&sig=ZvANkboARyV7ihqBNi9-pW9PxO0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YAcyU8qPKMSy2gXGooCYBw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=robert%20kennedy%20father%20feeney&f=false}} 6. ^Letter of the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000311121352/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/cdffeeney.txt |date=March 11, 2000 }} 7. ^Denzinger-Schonmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum..., Historic introduction to numbers 3866-3873 8. ^1 2 {{cite news |accessdate=2014-03-25 |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=963 |first=Michael J. |last=Mazza |title=Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus: Father Feeney makes a comeback}} originally published in Fidelity, 206 Marquette Avenue, South Bend, IN 46617 9. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908875,00.html |title=Feeney Forgiven |work=Time Magazine |date=October 14, 1974 |accessdate=March 25, 2014}} {{subscription required}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://sistersofstbenedictcenter.org/Our%20History.html |publisher=Sisters of Saint Benedict Center |location=Still River, Massachusetts |accessdate=June 22, 2008 |title=Our History |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205004454/http://sistersofstbenedictcenter.org/Our%20History.html |archivedate=December 5, 2008}} Now http://sistersofstbenedictcenter.org/history.html . 11. ^{{cite news|newspaper=America |authorlink=Avery Dulles |first=Avery |last=Dulles |title=Leonard Feeney: In Memoriam |date=February 25, 1978 |pages=135–137 |volume=138 |url=http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=10724 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224124019/http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=10724 |archivedate=December 24, 2010 }} Please see also 12. ^{{cite book |authorlink=Ted Sorensen |first=Ted |last=Sorensen |title=The Kennedy Legacy |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=1970 |pages=27–28}} 13. ^The Letters of Evelyn Waugh (1980), 292–3. 14. ^{{cite book |chapter=Fog over London|title=London is a Place |authorlink=Leonard Feeney |first=Father Leonard, M.I.C.M. |last=Feeney |date=May 18, 2005 |accessdate=March 24, 2014 |url=http://catholicism.org/londonisaplace.html/5}} External links
18 : 1897 births|1978 deaths|American Jesuits|20th-century American Roman Catholic theologians|Former Jesuits|People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church|People from Lynn, Massachusetts|American lyricists|American male poets|Boston College faculty|Death in Massachusetts|Dissident Roman Catholic theologians|Songwriters from Massachusetts|Catholicism and far-right politics|American anti-communists|Antisemitism in the United States|Catholics from Massachusetts|Anti-Masonry |
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