“KTH Royal Institute of Technology”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

KTH Royal Institute of Technology (KTH; {{lang-sv|Kungliga Tekniska högskolan}}) is a university in Stockholm, Sweden, specialized in Engineering and Technology, international ranking organizations ranks KTH highest in northern mainland Europe in its academic fields.^[3]. It is the institution of higher learning in Sweden from which most of the CEOs found on the Stockholm Stock Exchange (Nasdaq Stockholm) have graduated, which makes KTH "Sweden's best plant school for chief executive officers (CEO)" at its Stockholm Stock Exchange (Nasdaq Stockholm)^[4]. The King of Sweden Carl XVI Gustaf is the High Protector of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology.

The core of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology was founded in 1697 in Stockholm, Sweden as Christopher Polhem's Laboratorium Mechanicum, which was the school's main tools for research and teaching until 1925, when new technology took over. Many mechanical models was added by students and staff in the 1800's, extending its founder Christopher Polhem's original research and educational tools^[5]. It is the same Polhem who is familiar to the citizens of Sweden for appearing on the old 500 kr bill, and is known as 'the father of Swedish mechanics', as the Swedish Riksbank states it^[6]. Polhem founded the Laboratorium Mechanicum after his extensive trips, studies and research outside of Sweden as a school and research facility in the engineering field of mechanics^[7]. The Laboratorium Mechanicum (KTH), was founded in Stockholm but was in its first years located at the Christopher Polhem's mansion Stjärnsund in the county of Dalarna, prior to his and KTH's return to the capital and later the 'King's House, where it became famous all over Europe due to the scientific quality of the mechanics. This Laboratorium Mechanicum, the core of KTH, was later renamed as the 'Mechanical School' prior to its 1827 name change to 'The Technological Institute', and then the present Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, KTH (The Royal Institute of Technology, École polytechnique Royale, Königlich Technische Hochschule) which it was renamed to in 1877 by royal decree of King Oscar II, but regardless of name always using its 1697 founder Polhem's across Europe famous models and tools for education and research in mechanics until 1925 when new technology took over. The academic and scientific core of KTH, the founder Christopher Polhem's own Laboratorium Mechanicum, was that year handed over to the Swedish Museum of Technology, in Stockholm by the KTH.

KTH Royal Institute of Technology is regularly ranked as one of the highest among institutes of technology in Europe and the world.^[8]

Campuses

Main campus

The main campus buildings at Valhallavägen in Östermalm, by architect Erik Lallerstedt, were completed in 1917. The bells of the clock-tower was completed ten years later in 1927 at the 100 year anniversary of the transformation of the Mechanical School to The Technological Institute, in 1827. The buildings and surroundings were decorated by prominent early 20th-century Swedish artists such as Carl Milles, Axel Törneman, Georg Pauli, Tore Strindberg and Ivar Johnsson. The older buildings on the campus were renovated heavily in 1994. While the original campus was large for its time, KTH very soon outgrew it, and the campus was expanded with new buildings. Today, KTH institutions and faculties are distributed across several campuses in Stockholm County, located in Flemingsberg, Haninge, Kista and Södertälje, beyond the ones in Östermalm.

Kista

KTH, School of ICT is located in Kista, Stockholm. This school offers education and research in all the areas which today's information society is based upon – from nano scale physics and corn to the benefit of the end user. Kista campus is an educational environment with modern facilities, which are always open to the students. All courses are within ICT, creating a strong cohesion and an exchange over the educational programmes. Stockholm University’s computer science programmes are also located in Kista. Together, over 3000 students create a living educational environment and a vibrant student life. KTH Kista is an exciting international environment with teachers and students from all around the world. The Master's and postgraduate programmes offered by the school attracts students from the world's top universities. With companies such as Ericsson, Volvo, IBM, Tele2, TietoEnator, Microsoft, Intel and Oracle as neighbors, the cooperation between industry and KTH is widely known. Thanks to the presence of KTH in Kista and other academic and research institutions, Kista became the largest corporate area in Sweden and imperative to the national Swedish economy^[9]

Flemingsberg

School of Technology and Health has a part of its activities in Flemingsberg. At KTH Flemingsberg the school offers courses in Medical Engineering and conducts research within the subject.

KTH's activities in Flemingsberg started in 2002. Since 2003, the school offers a Bachelor of Education in Medical Engineering, in collaboration with the Karolinska Institute. In autumn 2008, a master of science in Medical Engineering started. located here are undergraduate studies, most research departments, and the research center: Center for Technology in Medicine and Health (CTMH), which collaborates with the Karolinska Institute and Stockholm County Council (SLL) to contribute to the development and growth of research in engineering, medicine and health.

Flemingsberg is an area of high academic "density" and one of northern Europe's most important areas within biotechnology – both terms of research and industrial activities. Here are also Södertörn University and the Karolinska Institute with over 10 000 students and Novum Research Center, where 1000 people are involved in research.

Flemingsberg is an area of strong growth. To meet the need for student housing more apartments are planned.^[10]

Haninge

In Haninge, students from two schools at KTH receive education – the School of Architecture and the Built Environment, ABE, and the School of Technology and Health, STH. Here, students study at undergraduate and master level in fields such as building engineering (ABE), computer engineering, electrical engineering and foundation training. The School of Technology and Health also has a research centre i Haninge – Centre for Health and Building.

Just south of metropolitan Stockholm you will discover a modern campus with reputation for its nice campus area, safe atmosphere and the feeling of togetherness among staff and students.

KTH Haninge holds a large number of courses. For example, the international master programme Architectural Lighting Design is located here, with students from over 20 different countries.

KTH Haninge has a meeting point where the diverse worlds of culture, scientific research and business come together to experience and examine the significance of light and lighting in our daily lives. This is called the Lighting Laboratory.

The campus itself is located near the commuter train, which takes you to Stockholm in just 20 minutes. It is also close to a beautiful archipelago and enjoy the great outdoors in Tyresta National Park.^[11]

Södertälje

KTH Södertälje is Södertälje’s university college campus. KTH Södertälje is a moderately large area with close and natural contacts between teachers and students.

KTH Södertälje’s education is being constantly developed via a close co-operation with the town’s business community and in particular major Södertälje companies such as Scania and AstraZeneca. Among other topics, university engineers in electronics and mechanical engineering are educated here. KTh also offers various Master's programmes in logistics, project management, and product development.

Since autumn 2007, the design studio Go Deep KTH at KTH Södertälje has been able to offer product development work via surveys, concept, visualisation and development through design. The idea with Go Deep KTH is to create realistic cooperation projects with companies, public administrations and institutions together with researchers in technology, medicine and health.

At KTH Södertälje, each year Tegelnatten is arranged, a competition where students in teams solve a 24-hour project assignment. The project assignment for design night 2008 was to provide proposals and ideas as to how future games and competitions will be designed to attract and entice the future generations.

History

KTH was 1827 transformed from the Mechanical School to the Technological Institute (Teknologiska institutet), following the establishment of polytechnical schools in many European countries the early years of the 19th century, often based on the model of École Polytechnique in Paris in 1794.

KTH's earliest Swedish predecessor was the Laboratorium mechanicum, a collection of mechanical models for teaching created in 1697 by Christopher Polhem, who is considered to be the father of mechanics in Sweden. The models were used intermittently for teaching practical mechanics by different masters until the School of Mechanics (Mekaniska skolan) was founded in 1798. This is the year from which there has been continuous teaching of technology in Sweden. The activities of the School of Mechanics was taken over by KTH when it was founded.

The institute had one professor of chemistry and one of physics, and one class in mechanical engineering and one in chemical engineering. During the first years, however, teaching was at a very elementary level, and more aimed at craftsmanship rather than engineering as such. The institute was also plagued by conflicts between the faculty and the founder and head of the institute, Gustaf Magnus Schwartz, who was responsible for the artisanal focus of the institute. A government committee was appointed in 1844 to solve the issues, which led to removing Schwartz in 1845. Instead, Joachim Åkerman, the head of the School of Mining in Falun and a former professor of chemistry at KTH, took over. He led a full reorganisation of the institute in 1846–1848, after which he returned to his post in Falun. An entrance test and a minimum age of 16 for students was introduced, which led to creating proper engineering training at the institute. In 1851, the course was extended from two years to three.

In the late 1850's, the institute entered a time of expansion. In 1863, it received its own purpose-built buildings on Drottninggatan. In 1867, its regulations were again overhauled, to state explicitly that the institute should provide scientific training to its students. In 1869, the School of Mining in Falun was moved to Stockholm and merged with the institute. In 1871, the institute took over the civil engineering course formerly arranged by the Higher Artillery College in Marieberg.

In 1877, the name was changed into the current one, which changed KTH's status from Institute (institut) to College (högskola), and some courses were extended from three years to four. Architecture was also added to the curriculum.

In 1915, the degree titles conferred by KTH received legal protection. In the late 19th century, it had become common to use the title civilingenjör (literally "civil engineer") for most KTH-trained engineers, and not just those who studied building and construction-related subjects. The only exception was the mining engineers, which called themselves bergsingenjör ("mountain engineer"). For a while, the title civilingenjör was equal to "KTH graduate" but in 1937, Chalmers in Gothenburg became the second Swedish engineering college which were allowed to confirm these titles.

In 1917, the first buildings of KTH's new campus on Valhallavägen were completed, and still constitute its main campus.

Although the engineering education of the late 19th and early 20th century were scientifically founded, up until the early 20th century, research as such was not seen as a central activity of an Institute of Technology. Those engineering graduates which went on to academic research had to earn their doctorates, typically in physics or chemistry, at a regular university. In 1927, KTH was finally granted the right to confer its own doctorates, under the designation Teknologie doktor (Doctor of Technology), and the first five doctors were created in 1929.

In 1984 the civilingenjör course at all Swedish universities was extended from four years to 4.5. From 1989, the shorter training in technology arranged by the municipal polytechnical schools in Sweden was gradually extended and moved into the university system, from 1989 as two-year courses and from 1995 alternatively as three-year courses. For KTH, this meant that additional campuses around the Stockholm area were added.

In the present-day, KTH continues to be Sweden's largest, oldest, highest ranked and most international technical university. The university provides one-third of Sweden's research and engineering education. In 2012, there were a total of 14,000 undergraduate students, 1,700 postgraduate students, and 4,600 members of staff at the university.^[13]

R1 nuclear reactor

After the American deployment of nuclear weapons at the end of World War II, the Swedish military leadership recognized the need for nuclear weapons to be thoroughly investigated and researched to provide Sweden with the knowledge to defend itself from a nuclear attack. With the mission to "make something with neutrons", the Swedish team, with scientists like Rolf Maximilian Sievert, set out to research the subject and eventually build a nuclear reactor for testing.

After a few years of basic research, they started building a 300 kW (later expanded to 1 MW) reactor, named Reaktor 1 (R1), in a reactor hall 25 meters under the surface right underneath KTH. Today this might seem ill-considered, since approximately 40,000 people lived within a 1 km radius. It was risky, but was deemed tolerable since the reactor was an important research tool for scientists at the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien).

At 18:59 on 13 July 1954, the reactor reached critical mass and sustained Sweden's first nuclear reaction. R1 was to be the main site for almost all Swedish nuclear research until 1970 when the reactor was finally decommissioned, mostly due to the increased awareness of the risks associated with operating a reactor in a densely populated area of Stockholm. Today, close to the reactor hall is the restaurant Q.

Organization

From 2005 KTH is organized into nine schools each consisting of a number of departments:

In February 2017, the new president announced a new plan to review the schools organization. The reorganization will aim at reducing the number of schools by integrating them.^[14]

International and national ranking

In 2007, by government initiative, the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education employed an international expert committee to find and award the top five highest quality education areas among all universities and colleges in Sweden. The Royal Institute of Technology received one such "Centre of Excellent Quality in Higher Education" (in Vehicle Engineering). It is the only higher education institution in the Stockholm/Uppsala region to receive an award.^[17] In 2009, KTH was the only institute among all Sweden's universities to be awarded as a Centre of Excellent Quality in Higher Education (in computer science).^[18]

In 2016 the university was ranked 97th in the world as a general university (not only technical) beaten in Sweden only by Lund University in its capacity as a general university by QS World University Rankings.^[19] In 2016, KTH Royal Institute of Technology was ranked 33rd in engineering and technology, and 74th in the natural sciences worldwide.^[19] The Electrical Engineering subject was ranked as number 26 worldwide in terms of highest quality in the world. KTH Royal Institute of Technology is the highest ranked institute of technology in northern mainland Europe, only rivaled by Germany's and Netherlands' highest ranking institutes of technology.^[19] As a comparison, Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg ranks at 133 by QS World University Rankings.^[20] The other global ranking, Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranks KTH 159th in the world for 2016–17.^[21] As a comparison, Times for instance ranks the Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg at 251–300.^[22]

Notable alumni

KTH Great Prize

KTH Great Prize is a prize annually awarded by KTH Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). The distributed amount was 1,200,000 SEK in 2012.

The recipient of the award must also be a Swedish citizen. Usually, the prize is awarded to a single prize winner, but it has happened that two or three prize winners have shared the prize. The list of recipients is at KTH:s stora pris.

Notable faculty

See also

References

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2. ^Swedish Higher Education Authority (Högskoleverket) – Annual report 2010 (Swedish), page 106ff {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031061829/http://www.hsv.se/download/18.5549c4e7128dece8c6280002899/1010R-universitet-hogskolor-arsrapport-2010.pdf |date=31 October 2010 }}
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4. ^https://www.nyteknik.se/karriar/kth-basta-skolan-for-vd-6415332
5. ^https://www.tekniskamuseet.se/lar-dig-mer/svenska-uppfinnare-och-innovatorer/christopher-polhem-mekaniskt-alfabet/polhems-mekaniska-alfabet/
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9. ^{{cite book|title=OECD Green Growth Studies Green Growth in Stockholm, Sweden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4G3oCqJJJScC&pg=PA70|date=23 May 2013|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-19515-8|page=70}}
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14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://intra.kth.se/en/styrning/oversyn/oversyn-av-skolorganisationen-1.708890|title=KTH Intranet {{!}} Review of the KTH school organization|website=intra.kth.se|language=sv-SE|access-date=2017-02-24}}
15. ^[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking World University Rankings 2018]
16. ^[https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2018 QS World University Rankings 2018]
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19. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2016|title=QS World University Rankings 2016}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2016|title=QS World University Rankings 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=2017-08-06}}
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