词条 | Kumulipo | ||
释义 |
In the Hawaiian religion, the Kumulipo is an 18th-century chant in the Hawaiian language telling a creation story.[1] It also includes a genealogy of the members of Hawaiian royalty and was created in honor of Kalaninuiamamao and passed down orally to his daughter Alapaiwahine. Creation chantIn the Kumulipo the world was created over a cosmic night. This is not just one night, but many nights over time. The ancient Hawaiian kahunas and priests of the Hawaiian religion would recite the Kumulipo during the makahiki season, honoring the god Lono. In 1779, Captain James Cook arrived in Kealakekua Bay on the island of Hawai{{okina}}i during the season and was greeted by the Hawaiians reciting the Kumulipo. Some stories say Cook was mistaken for Lono, because of the type of sails on his ship and his pale skintone.[2] In 1889, King Kalākaua printed a sixty-page pamphlet of the Kumulipo. Attached to the pamphlet was a 2-page paper which on how the chant was originally composed and recited.[3] Years later Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani described the chant as a prayer of the development of the universe and the ancestry of the Hawaiians.[3] Lili{{okina}}uokalani translated the chant under house arrest in Iolani Palace. The translation was published in 1897, then republished by Pueo Press in 1978.[4] The Kumulipo is a total of 2102 lines long, in honor of Kalaninuiamamao, who created peace for all when he was born. There was a lot of fighting between his ʻI and Keawe family, who were cousins so his birth stopped the two from feuding. The Kumulipo is a cosmogonic genealogy, which means that it relates to the stars and the moon. Out of the 2102 lines, it has 16 "wā" which means era or age. In each wā, something is born whether it is a human, plant, or creature.[5] DivisionsThe Kumulipo is divided into sixteen wā, sections. The first seven wā fall under the section of pō (darkness), the age of spirit. The Earth may or may not exist, but the events described do not take place in a physical universe. The words show the development of life as it goes through similar stages as a human child. All plants and animals of sea and land, earth and sky, male and female are created.[6] Eventually, it leads to early mammals. These are the first four lines of the Kumulipo:
The second section, containing the remaining nine wā, is ao and is signaled by the arrival of light and the gods, who watch over the changing of animals into the first humans. After that is the complex genealogy of Kalaninuiamamao that goes all the way to the late 18th century. Births in each wāThe births in each age include:[7]
Comparative literatureComparisons may be made between marital partners (husband and wife often have synonymous names), between genealogical and flora-fauna names, and in other Polynesian genealogies.[8] References1. ^{{Hawaiian Dictionaries |Kumulipo |accessdate= November 26, 2010}} 2. ^{{cite web |title= The Kumulipo- Song of Creation |author= John Fischer |publisher= The new York Times Company |work= About.com web site |url= http://gohawaii.about.com/cs/culture/a/kumulipo.htm |accessdate= November 26, 2010 }} 3. ^{{cite web |title= The Hawaiian Chant of Creation |work= Ka Leo ʻO Na Kahuna Lapaʻau ʻO Hawaiʻi; Hale ʻO Lono web site |year= 2001 |url= http://www.kahunahaleolono.org/kumulipo.html |accessdate= November 26, 2010 }} 4. ^{{cite book |title= The Kumulipo |author= Queen Liliʻuokalani |origyear= 1897 |publisher= Pueo Press |year= 1978 |isbn= 978-0-917850-02-8 |url= http://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/lku/index.htm |authorlink= Liliuokalani }} 5. ^1 {{cite book |title= The Kumulipo: A Hawaiian Creation Chant |author= Martha Warren Beckwith |year= 1951 |publisher= University of Chicago Press |isbn= 0-8248-0771-5 |url= http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/faculty/stampe/Oral-Lit/Hawaiian/Kumulipo/kumulipo-book.html }} 6. ^{{cite book |author= Lilikala Kameʻeleihiwa |title= Kumulipo |publisher= University of Hawaii |year= 2008 |page=174 }} 7. ^Hawaiʻi: Center of the Pacific, Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa. Kumulipo. 8. ^See Kumulipo spouse-names, terms for flora and fauna in the Kumulipo, and Maori and Rarotongan parallels with the Kumulipo External links
2 : Hawaiian mythology|Creation myths |
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