“LGBT rights in Hong Kong”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) persons in Hong Kong may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents.

History

After the 1967 decriminalisation of homosexuality in the United Kingdom, there were moves to undertake a similar reform in Hong Kong. Governor Murray MacLehose privately supported gay rights but he and others felt that the local community would not support decriminalisation.^[1]

Criminal law

As a British colony, Hong Kong's criminal laws against male homosexual acts were initially a reflection of British law, with a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. During the 1970s and 1980s, there was a public debate about whether or not to reform the law in line with human rights principles. As a result, in 1991 the Legislative Council agreed to decriminalise private, adult, non-commercial, and consensual homosexual relations.

However, an unequal age of consent was established (21 for gay men and 16 for heterosexuals) with the law remaining silent about lesbianism. LGBT rights groups lobbied the Legislative Council to equalise the age of consent law, but were told that the legal inequality was necessary to protect youth and preserve tradition.{{by whom|date=January 2016}} A lawsuit was initiated to challenge the unequal age of consent in court.^[2]^[3]

In 2005, Justice Hartmann found that the unequal age of consent was unconstitutional under the Bill of Rights Ordinance, violating the right to equality.^[4] The ruling was upheld by the Court of Appeal;^[5] thus, since 2006, there has been an equal age of consent of 16 for both heterosexual and homosexual sex.

Discrimination protections

The Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance 1991 prohibits discrimination on a variety of grounds, including "other status". In the case of Leung TC William Roy v. Secretary for Justice (2005), this has been interpreted to include sexual orientation. However, the Bill of Rights only applies to government-sponsored discrimination and not the private sector. Since the 1990s LGBT rights groups have lobbied the Legislative Council to enact civil rights laws that include sexual orientation, but without success.

In 1993, former legislator Anna Wu proposed an Equal Opportunities Bill through a private member's bill to outlaw discrimination on a variety of grounds, including sex, disability, age, race, and sexuality. Her effort didn't yield any result until 1995 when equal opportunities law was enacted. However, sexuality was not included in the passage of the bill.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Currently, there is no law against discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation in Hong Kong.

Political opposition tends to come from social conservatives, often with evangelical Christian ties, who view homosexuality and cross-dressing as signs of immorality. For example, after the court ruled against the unequal age of consent, Hong Kong leader Donald Tsang, a devout Catholic, publicly opposed the court's decision and fought for an appeal until 2006. However, most political parties and individual politicians have tended to avoid making public statements in favour of LGBT rights, although this has slowly begun to change.

In 2010, Legislator Cyd Ho Sau-lan, and former legislators Dr Fernando Cheung, Reverend Fung Chi Wood, and Dr Lo Wing-lok participated in public demonstration against homophobia.

Gender identity/expression

Cross-dressing per se is not illegal.^[9] Hong Kong law allows the change of legal documents such as the identity card, and passport, but does not allow the birth certificate to be changed. Such change requires sex reassignment surgery,^[10] which includes the removal of reproductive organs, effectively rendering the person sterile in exchange for legal recognition of gender identity.^[11]

On 13 May 2013, the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong ruled that a transsexual woman has the right to marry her boyfriend in her affirmed gender.^[12]^[13]

On 16 September 2013 Eliana Rubashkyn was discriminated against and sexually abused by Hong Kong airport customs officers,^[14] forcing international organisations like the United Nations and Hong Kong NGOs to provide assistance as a refugee becoming a stateless person,^[15] she endureed an invasive body search for more than nine hours.^[16]

In 2019, Three transgender people who identify as male lost their legal bid on Friday to be recognised as such on their Hong Kong identity cards, in a setback for the LGBT movement to achieve equal rights. While expressing sympathy, High Court judge Mr Justice Thomas Au Hing-cheung ruled against the three applicants, Henry Tse, Q and R, They have all been legally recognised as men by the British government but are unable to get their gender changed on Hong Kong ID cards. The judge said that a complete sex change would be the only “workable way” for the local government to determine a person’s gender. Although the trio, all born female, identify as men, and have had their breasts removed and undergone hormone therapy, they all still have their uterus and ovaries – which was the point of contention in their legal challenges against the city’s commissioner of registration.^[17]^[18]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Nonetheless, in June 2009, the Hong Kong Government extended limited recognition and protection to cohabitating same-sex couples under the Domestic Violence Ordinance.^[19]

In 2013, Hong Kong's High Court ruled that a transgender woman can marry her boyfriend and told the government that they had one year to draft a law that allows for post-operation transsexual or transgender individuals to marry. In spring of 2014, it was announced that though the law had not been finished, transgender citizens could start marrying in July. Some rights activists have expressed their discontent with the provision that a person must have undergone complete gender reassignment surgery to receive a marriage license. On 17 July 2014, it was announced that transgender citizens could marry and that the law will be finished after the summer recess. Some have stated that the delay of the final draft was a positive thing since the subsequent law has "lots of holes and ambiguity".^[20]

Spousal visas

A British woman (referred to as QT) sued the Immigration Department after it declined to recognise her UK civil partnership and refused to grant her a dependant visa. In February 2015, a judge agreed that the plaintiff had been discriminated against and moved the case forward to the Hong Kong High Court. The court heard the case on 14 May 2015.^[21] After prolonged deliberation, it dismissed the case in March 2016. The woman appealed to the Court of Appeal, which agreed to hear the case on 15 and 16 June 2017. The appeal was led by prominent human rights barrister Dinah Rose QC.^[22]^[23]

On 25 September 2017, the Court of Appeal reversed the High Court's dismissal and ruled in favour of the woman, finding that her partner (who works in the city) should be granted a spousal visa. While the legal definition of marriage was not challenged in the appeal, chief judge Andrew Cheung wrote that “times have changed and an increasing number of people are no longer prepared to accept the status quo without critical thought”. His Lordship added that the immigration department failed to justify the "indirect discrimination on account of sexual orientation that QT suffers" and that "excluding a foreign worker’s lawfully married (albeit same-sex) spouse or civil partner ... to join the worker is, quite obviously, counter-productive to attracting the worker to come to or remain in Hong Kong". The court ordered the woman and the Department of Immigration to work together on an agreement and submit it to the court within 28 days.^[24]^[25]

The Immigration Department appealed the ruling to the Court of Final Appeal. The court handed down its ruling on 4 July 2018, finding in favour of the plaintiff and mandating immigration authorities to grant same-sex partners spousal visas that were previously only available only to heterosexual couples.^[26] The panel of judges, led by Chief Justice Geoffrey Ma Tao-li, held that the “policy [of not granting a visa] is counterproductive and plainly not rationally connected to advancing [any] ‘talent’ aim" and rejected the immigration director’s argument that civil union partnerships differed from marriage, saying it was based on a “shaky foundation [and]...hardly satisfactory”.^[26] The government stated it respected the court's ruling and would study it in detail.^[26]

Legal challenges

In January 2019 the Hong Kong High Court agreed to hear two challenges to the city's refusal to recognise same-sex marriage. The two separate legal challenges were mounted by a 21-year-old University of Hong Kong student, known as TF, and a 31-year-old activist, known as STK, who argued that the inability of same-sex couples to get married violated their right to equality under the city’s Bill of Rights and the Basic Law.^[27] The judge in the case gave the applications license to be heard by the court, though suspended them to first hear another case involving a 29 year old lesbian, who is seeking for a civil union partnership system to be implemented in Hong Kong.^[27]

Civil Partnership and Same Sex Marriage and British Nationals (Overseas)

Neither same sex marriage nor civil partnerships registered inside or outside Hong Kong are recognised by the Law of Hong Kong. However, many Hong Kong residents are also a British National (Overseas). By virtue of the passage of Civil Partnership (Registration Abroad and Certificates) Order 2005 in the UK, all British nationals, including British Nationals (Overseas), are allowed to register civil partnerships with a limited number of British consulates or embassies abroad. Thus, LGBT Hong Kong couples, where one of the couple hold British national status, enjoy the right to register civil partnerships with British consulates in 22 countries.^[28]

Arranging a civil partnership registration with a British consulate generally takes at least a month and must be done in person in the country where the consulate is located. Those whose British National (Overseas) passports have expired or who no longer hold a valid passport need to apply for a renewal before arranging a civil partnership registration with a British consulate.

The British Consulate-General in Hong Kong refrains from providing such a service to British nationals because UK law requires the Hong Kong government's objection to them to be respected.^[29]^[30]^[31] Thus, British nationals are able to apply for a same-sex civil partnership ceremony with British consulates or embassies in the following 22 countries.^[32]

Civil partnerships court case

In June 2018, arguing that her right to privacy and equality had been violated, amounting to a breach of the Basic Law, and the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance; a Hong Kong lesbian woman known as "MK" filed a lawsuit against the Hong Kong Government for denying her the right to enter into a civil partnership with her female partner. The High Court heard the case in a preliminary brief 30-minute hearing in August 2018, and it is expected to be heard in the first half of 2019.^[33]^[34]^[35]

LGBT rights movement in Hong Kong

In the early 1990s, the first two LGBT rights groups, HORIZONS and the Ten Percent Club, were established. Today, several organisations, most notably Rainbow Action and Tongzhi Culture Society exist to campaign for LGBT rights and to organise various public educational and social events.

The Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau established The Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Unit in 2005, to enhance the equal opportunities for people of different sexual orientations, and transgender people.^[36]

Currently, as of August 2012, The Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau have been sponsoring a series of Public Service Announcement broadcasts through about the need for equal treatment when employing anyone who is LGBT.^[37]

Living conditions

Along with several gay nightclubs, LGBT pride festivals occur annually, as well as other social events including the Hong Kong Lesbian & Gay Film Festival. On each International Day Against Homophobia, a procession is held through the street of Hong Kong to show solidarity. The first IDAHO procession was held in 2005. Political involvement has also become more common in recent years. Several prominent legislators have attend the IDAHO procession and gay pride to show solidarity with the LGBT community.^[38]

As the government cannot discriminate against LGBT persons, as stipulated in the Bills of Rights, LGBT people may not legally be hindered in their access to services provided by the Hong Kong government. For example, when applying for non-contribution base Job Seeker's Allowance (Comprehensive Social Security Allowance), one must satisfy the means test component. Whether ones satisfy the mean test component, the Social Welfare Department takes into account the income of family members living together irrespective of their sexual orientation.^[39]

Representation in the media

Since the 1990s, several Hong Kong films have had LGBT characters or themes in them. However, television programming has largely tended to avoid LGBT characters or themes, until recently.{{When|date=June 2018}}

In 2006, RTHK broadcast a television film called Gay Lovers, which received criticism from social conservatives for "encouraging" people to become gay. In 2007, the Broadcasting Authority ruled that the RTHK-produced programme "Gay Lovers" was "unfair, partial and biased towards homosexuality, and having the effect of promoting the acceptance of homosexual marriage." On 5 May 2008 Justice Michael Hartmann overturned the ruling of the Broadcasting Authority that "Gay Lovers"'s discussion on same sex marriage was deemed to have breached broadcasting guidelines for not including anti-gay views.^[40]

As social attitudes have become more open and accepting in Hong Kong, more artists and prominent persons have become open about discussing their sexual orientation publicly.

In April 2012, well known artist, Anthony Wong (黃耀明), came out as gay during one of his concert series, with fans giving him a very positive response.^[42]

In September 2012, newly elected lawmaker Ray Chan Chi-chuen ({{zh|陳志全|labels=no}}), a former radio and TV host, revealed to Oriental Daily that he is gay, making him the first openly gay legislator in Greater China.^[43] Local media coverage of his coming out as gay was largely positive.

On 10 Nov 2012, Denise Ho ({{zh|何韻詩|labels=no}}) announced her sexual orientation on stage at the "Dare to Love" event during the Hong Kong Pride Parade 2012. She called herself "tongzhi" ({{zh|同志|labels=no}}) a Chinese slang word for gay. She is the first mainstream female singer in Hong Kong to come out.^[44]

Public opinion

In a 2013 poll conducted by the University of Hong Kong, 33.3% of respondents supported same-sex marriage for same-sex couples, with 43% being opposed.^[45] Another poll conducted by the Liberal Party showed that 29% supported same-sex marriage while 59% were against it.^[46]

A survey conducted by the University of Hong Kong in 2014 showed that 27% supported same-sex marriage while 12% said that they somewhat agreed. At the same time, the same poll found out that 74% of the respondents agreed that same-sex couples should have the same or some rights enjoyed by heterosexual couples.^[47]^[48]

A 2017 University of Hong Kong poll found that 50.4% of respondents supported same-sex marriage.^[49]^[50]^[51]

Professional opinion

The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists

On 15 November 2011, the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists, as a licensing body of professional psychiatrists in Hong Kong, published an announcement stating that homosexuality is not an illness and there is no scientifically proven evidence to support the attempts to change one's sexual orientation.^[52] Until February 2012, the announcement has not been uploaded onto the College's website or published in any professional journals; it is, however, available in electronic pdf format upon request. The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists is the very first professional authority in Asia that explicitly and publicly opined their professional standing on issues regarding homosexuality and treatments altering one's sexual orientation.^[53]

The Hong Kong Psychological Society

In light of the absence of practice guidelines for lesbians, gays, and bisexual individuals for psychologists in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Psychological Society, as both a learned society and a professional association, formed a work group in July 2011 to tackle the problem.^[54] On 1 August 2012, the Society published a position paper titled, Position Paper for Psychologists Working with Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexual (LGB) Individuals. There are 11 major guidelines in this position paper:^[55]

Hong Kong Association of Doctors in Clinical Psychology (HKADCP)

HKADCP's Code of Ethics ensures the HKADCP Registered Clinical Psychologists avoid discrimination in all forms and are sensitive to power differentials in dealing with current and former clients, employers, employees, and peers by striving to protect individuals who may be in a position of lower power. They are particularly sensitive to the needs of underprivileged and otherwise vulnerable individuals.

Civil Service vacancies

The Government, at all levels, is not allowed to have any unjustified differential treatments on ground of sexual orientation as a direct result of a series of high-profile court cases. Particularly, in Secretary for Justice v. Yau Yuk Lung Zigo, the Court of Final Appeal ruled that one's sexual orientation is a protected status against discrimination under the provisions of Articles 25 and 39 of the Basic Law and Articles 1 and 22 of the Bill of Rights Ordinance. Because of this interpretation from the judiciary, the Government has the responsibility to actively ensure all its policies, decisions, and actions are free of sexual orientation discrimination. It should be noted, however, that the Basic Law and the Bill of Rights Ordinance only bind the Government, its agencies, and its representatives, but not private companies. As such, the general notes section of civil service vacancies advertisements include the assertion: "As an Equal Opportunities Employer, the Government is committed to eliminating discrimination in employment. The vacancy advertised is open to all applicants meeting the basic entry requirement irrespective of their disability, sex, marital status, pregnancy, age, family status, sexual orientation and race." In addition, current government employees who feel discriminated against or suffer from unfair treatment because of their sexual orientation may seek legal advice and may file civil actions against the Government in court.

Business sector

Since homosexuality is still a sensitive issue in Hong Kong, discrimination based on sexual orientation in the corporate sector is not unknown. LGBT employees are often victims of various levels of discrimination or harassment. Most companies do not include sexual orientation in their diversity and inclusion policies. And, with no legislation protecting LGBT employees, the situation remains unresolved. This is also true for multinational corporations. Although many US- or Europe-based companies in Hong Kong may have non-discrimination policies protecting their LGBT employees in their home countries, most do not adopt such practices in Hong Kong. Such a phenomenon makes many local employees and even expatriates vulnerable to discrimination.^[56]

For many years, leading advocate groups such as Community Business, have worked to promote and advance the extension of non-discrimination policies in the corporate sector for LGBT minorities. Only a limited number of multinational companies have explicitly embraced such policies, namely Goldman Sachs and IBM.^[57] Only a handful of local and China-based companies have extended non-discrimination protection to LGBT employees, including blue-chip stock companies.

The following table shows sexual orientation non-discrimination practices of some Hong Kong companies as of 3 March 2012.

Summary table

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite news|last1=Vittachi|first1=Nury|title=HSBC’s rainbow lions: Can we have our homophobia back please?|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/12/07/hsbcs-rainbow-lions-can-homophobia-back-please/|work=Hong Kong Free Press|date=7 December 2016}}
2. ^Phil CW Chan, "Stonewalling through Schizophrenia: An Anti-Gay Rights Culture in Hong Kong?", Sexuality & Culture, 2008
3. ^'Hong Kong gays fight sodomy laws, triggering debate in traditional society', The Advocate, 31 December 2005
4. ^{{cite web|last=Hartmann|first=Michael|url=http://legalref.judiciary.gov.hk/lrs/common/search/search_result_detail_frame.jsp?DIS=46129&QS=%2B&TP=JU|title=Secretary for Justice v. Leung TC William Roy, HCAL160/2004, [2005] 3 HKLRD 657|date=24 August 2005}}
5. ^Secretary for Justice v. Leung TC William Roy (CACV317A/2005)
6. ^Legislative Archive, entre for Comparative and Public Law, Faculty of Law, The University of Hong Kong {{cite web |url=http://www.hku.hk/ccpl/research_projects_issues/hkelp/Legislativearchive.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-01-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022162024/http://www.hku.hk/ccpl/research_projects_issues/hkelp/Legislativearchive.html |archivedate=22 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
7. ^Hong Kong: Legislative Council Considers Anti-Discrimination Bill, IGLHRC http://www.iglhrc.org/cgi-bin/iowa/article/takeaction/globalactionalerts/71.html
8. ^History, TCJM http://tcjm.org/hongkong/history/
9. ^Bolich, G. G. (2007), Transgender History & Geography: Crossdressing in Context, vol. 3, Raleigh: Psyche's Press, p. 207, {{ISBN|0-615-16766-7}}
10. ^Ms W vs. the Hong Kong Registrar of Marriages, Fridae.com
11. ^{{cite news |last1=Law |first1=Violet |title=Hong Kong court denies male status to 3 transgender men |url=https://apnews.com/6128011e768f49e28118f0c9646c5e54 |accessdate=1 February 2019 |work=AP NEWS |date=1 February 2019}}
12. ^{{cite web|last=Chan|first=Kelvin|title=HK Transgender Woman Wins Legal Battle to Marry|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/hong-kong-transgender-woman-wins-marry-19165384#.UZD7e0oZSko|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=13 May 2013}}
13. ^{{cite news|title=Hong Kong court supports transsexual right to wed|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-22506472|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=13 May 2013|date=13 May 2013}}
14. ^{{citation|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1346238/transgender-woman-hong-kong-customs-officers-behaved-animals-during|periodical=South China Morning Post|date= 1 November 2013|accessdate=2 Feb 2014|title=Hong Kong customs officers behaved 'like animals' during body search}}
15. ^{{citation|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20131103/18491211|date= 1 November 2013|accessdate=2 Feb 2014|title=為換護照慘失國籍失學位失尊嚴　被海關當畜牲跨性別博士來港三失不是人 - Tragic loss of a nationality}}
16. ^{{citation|url=http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/trans-woman-subjected-to-invasive-search-at-hong-kong-airport-12289.html|date=1 November 2013|accessdate=2 Feb 2014|title=Trans woman subjected to invasive search at Hong Kong airport|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220123632/http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/trans-woman-subjected-to-invasive-search-at-hong-kong-airport-12289.html|archivedate=20 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}
17. ^https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/02/01/hong-kong-transgender-surgery-legal-gender/
18. ^https://m.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/2184662/transgender-men-fail-legal-bid-be-listed-male-hong-kong
19. ^Pink News, " Gay couples to be protected by Hong Kong domestic violence law
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1555449/wedding-bells-ring-transgender-people|title=Wedding bells ring for transgender people|publisher=South China Morning Post|date= 17 July 2014}}
21. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-32716816 Gay woman challenges Hong Kong in landmark trial]
22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Vidler-Co-Solicitors-112018101490/|title=Vidler & Co. Solicitors {{!}} Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=2016-12-08}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/11/17/hong-kong-govt-made-exception-to-allow-same-sex-spouses-of-consular-staff-to-remain-in-the-city/|title=Gov't made exception to allow same-sex spouses of consular staff to remain in Hong Kong|last=Lai|first=Catherine|date=2016-11-17|website=Hong Kong Free Press|access-date=2016-12-08}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-britain-lgbt/british-lesbian-wins-right-to-spousal-visa-in-landmark-hong-kong-case-idUSKCN1C01MT?il=0|title=British lesbian wins right to spousal visa in landmark Hong Kong case|work=Reuters|date=25 September 2017}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41390217|title=Hong Kong gay rights: British lesbian wins spousal visa case|date=25 September 2017|work=BBC News}}
26. ^¹²{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-law-and-crime/article/2153682/top-hong-kong-court-rules-favour-lesbian|title=‘Giant step forward for equality’ in Hong Kong as same-sex couples win right to spousal visas in Court of Final Appeal|work=South China Morning Post|date=4 July 2018}}
27. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/2180551/two-gay-men-mount-first-legal-challenges-hong-kong-laws|title=Two gay men mount first legal challenges to Hong Kong laws banning same-sex marriage, with court giving their applications green light to proceed|work=South China Morning Post|date=3 January 2019}}
28. ^Civil Partnership (Registration Abroad and Certificates) Order 2005 in the UK
29. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1528231/uk-diplomatic-missions-allow-same-sex-marriages-not-hong-kong|title=UK consulate in Hong Kong bars same-sex weddings after government objection|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=2018-06-25|language=en}}
30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/foi-release-same-sex-marriage-at-the-consulate-general-hong-kong|title=FOI release: same-sex marriage at the Consulate General Hong Kong|website=GOV.UK|language=en|access-date=2018-12-01}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/1110/article/2/made|title=The Consular Marriages and Marriages under Foreign Law Order 2014|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-12-01}}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ukinhongkong.fco.gov.uk/en/help-for-british-nationals/living-in-hong-kong/registering-civil-partnership|title=British Consulate General Hong Kong - GOV.UK|website=ukinhongkong.fco.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-06-25}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2161287/woman-takes-unprecedented-step-advance-lgbt-cause-hong-kong |title=Woman takes unprecedented step to advance LGBT cause in Hong Kong and sues government over civil partnerships ban |publisher=South China Morning Post |date=24 August 2018}}
34. ^[https://www.advocate.com/marriage-equality/2018/8/24/queer-hong-kong-woman-sues-civil-union-rights]
35. ^[https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/woman-sues-hong-kong-government-for-not-allowing-same-sex-civil-partnerships/]
36. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmab.gov.hk/en/issues/equal_gender.htm|title=The Rights of the Individual - gender|website=www.cmab.gov.hk|language=en|access-date=2018-06-25}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmab.gov.hk/en/issues/equal.htm|title=The Rights of the Individual - Equal Opportunities|website=www.cmab.gov.hk|language=en|access-date=2018-06-25}}
38. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.inmediahk.net/%E5%B0%B1%E4%BF%82%E6%80%95%E8%91%89%E5%8A%89|title=What To Fear？就係怕葉劉！ {{!}} Lotus Yuen {{!}} 香港獨立媒體網|work=香港獨立媒體網|access-date=2018-06-25}}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.swd.gov.hk/doc/social-sec/CSSAP0612_eng_v1.pdf|title=Comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme|last=|first=|date=|website=SWD|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=25 June 2018}}
40. ^http://www.fridae.com/newsfeatures/article.php?articleid=2223&viewarticle=1&searchtype=all {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
41. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.advocate.com/news/2007/10/05/eastern-promise|title=Eastern Promise|date=2007-10-05|access-date=2018-06-25|language=en}}
42. ^{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/04/25/pop-star%E2%80%99s-stadium-style-coming-out|title=Pop Star’s Stadium-Style Coming Out|last=|first=|date=|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=}}
43. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/hong-kong-sees-its-first-out-gay-politician110912|title=Hong Kong sees its first out gay politician|date=2012-09-11|work=Gay Star News|access-date=2018-06-25|language=en-US}}
44. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/pop-star-denise-ho-comes-out-hong-kong-pride101112|title=Pop star Denise Ho comes out at Hong Kong Pride|date=2012-11-10|work=Gay Star News|access-date=2018-06-25|language=en-US}}
45. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1339049/one-10-chinese-bankers-wont-work-gay-and-lesbian-colleagues|title=One in 10 Chinese bankers won't work with gay and lesbian colleagues|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=2018-06-25|language=en}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20131031/-9-3104300/1.html|title=News (in traditional Chinese only): A survey found out that almost 60% of Hong Kong people are against the legalization of same-sex marriage.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519164453/http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20131031/-9-3104300/1.html|archivedate=19 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}
47. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.hku.hk/press/news_detail_10658.html|title=Research Shows a Majority of People in Hong Kong Support Gay and Lesbian Couples’ Rights - All News - Media - HKU|website=www.hku.hk|language=en|access-date=2018-06-25}}
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