1. Legality of same-sex sexual activity

2. Recognition of same-sex relationships
    Same-sex marriage  Domestic partnerships 

3. Adoption and parenting

4. Discrimination protections
    2018 Civil Rights Commission decision  EEOC v. R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes  Local municipalities 

5. Hate crime law

6. Gender identity and expression

7. Public opinion

8. See also

9. References

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in the U.S. state of Michigan may face legal challenges not faced by non-LGBT residents. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Michigan, as is same-sex marriage. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity is not explicitly banned within state law. However, a ruling of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals and a decision of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission have ensured that members of the LGBT community are not discriminated against and are protected in the eyes of the law.

Michigan is home to a vibrant LGBT community. East Lansing and Ann Arbor were the first cities in the United States to pass LGBT discrimination protections, doing so in 1972. Pride parades have been held in the state's most populous city, Detroit, since 1986, and today attract thousands of people.^[1] While a majority of Michiganders support same-sex marriage,^[2] the Republican-controlled Legislature has mostly ignored LGBT-related legislation, and as such progress has been slow (and has thus mostly come from the courts and local municipalities).^[2]

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

Sexual acts between persons of the same sex are legal in Michigan. They had been criminalized until the state's sodomy laws, which applied to both homosexuals and heterosexuals, were invalidated in 2003 by the United States Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas.

Recognition of same-sex relationships

In 2004, voters approved a constitutional amendment, Michigan Proposal 04-2, that banned same-sex marriage and civil unions in the state. It passed with 58.6% of the vote.^[3]

Same-sex marriage

On January 23, 2012, a lesbian couple filed a lawsuit, DeBoer v. Snyder in United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, challenging the state's ban on adoption by same-sex couples in order to jointly adopt their children. On March 21, 2014, U.S. District Judge Bernard Friedman ruled the state's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. Attorney General Bill Schuette filed for an emergency stay of his ruling with the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals.^[4] On Saturday, March 22, 2014, four of Michigan's 83 county clerks opened their offices for special hours and issued more than 300 marriage licenses to gay and lesbian couples.^[5] Later that day, the Sixth Circuit stayed Judge Friedman's order until March 26.^[6] On March 25, 2014, the Sixth Circuit stayed the ruling indefinitely.^[7] On March 28, 2014, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced the Federal Government will recognize the same-sex marriages performed on March 22.^[8]

On November 6, 2014, the Sixth Circuit reversed the lower court's ruling and upheld Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage.^[9] On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that same-sex couples have a nationwide right to marry, legalizing same-sex marriage in the United States, and Michigan.

Domestic partnerships

The Michigan Supreme Court ruled that the constitutional amendment forbidding recognition of same-sex relationships meant that public employers in Michigan could not legally grant domestic partnership benefits to their employees. A law in effect since December 2011 banned most public employers, though not colleges and universities, from offering health benefits to the domestic partners of their employees. It did not extend to workers whose benefits are established by the Michigan Civil Service Commission. On June 28, 2013, U.S. District Judge David M. Lawson issued a preliminary injunction blocking the state from enforcing its law banning local governments and school districts from offering health benefits to their employees' domestic partners.^[10][11] He made that injunction permanent on November 12, 2014, when he ruled in Bassett v. Snyder that Michigan's restrictions on domestic partnership benefits were not related to a legitimate government purpose. He distinguished his ruling from the Sixth Circuit's ruling in DeBoer: "It is one thing to say [as in DeBoer] that states may cleave to the traditional definition of marriage as a means of encouraging biologically complimentary couples to stay together and raise the offspring they produce.... It is quite another to say that a state may adopt a narrow definition of family, and pass laws that penalize those unions and households that do not conform."^[12]

Adoption and parenting

Michigan has no statutory ban on same-sex couples adopting, and no Michigan state court has ever interpreted Michigan's statute as prohibiting such adoptions. However, at least one other state court has ruled that unmarried individuals may not jointly petition to adopt.^[13]

Two Michigan lesbians, who are raising three children adopted by only one of them, filed a lawsuit known as DeBoer v. Snyder in federal court in January 2012 seeking to have the state's ban on adoption by same-sex couples overturned.^[14] and in September amended that suit to challenge the state's ban on same-sex marriage as well.^[15]

In December 2012, the Michigan Court of Appeals, an intermediate-level court, ruled in Usitalo v. Landon that the state's courts have jurisdiction to grant second-parent adoptions by same-sex couples.^[16]

Following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling striking down Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage, Michigan courts have been granting adoption rights to same-sex couples.

Discrimination protections

LGBT people are not included in Michigan's Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act.^[17] As early as the 1973 committee hearing on the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, members of the LGBT community in Michigan sought to be included in the law.^[18][19] However, actual legislation to do so was not introduced until 2005 when Michigan's first openly LGBT state legislator, Chris Kolb, included it with two other pro-LGBT bills,^[20] none of which passed.^[21] Since Kolb's 2005 legislation, a number of additional bills have been introduced to add protections for the LGBT community.^[22]

On December 23, 2003, Governor Jennifer Granholm issued an executive order prohibiting employment discrimination state-level public sector employment on the basis of sexual orientation. The order only covers employees of the state of Michigan and does not cover public sector employees of county, school, or local-level governments.^[23] On November 22, 2007, Governor Jennifer Granholm extended her executive order to include gender identity.^[24] This executive order was kept under Governor Rick Snyder.

On March 14, 2013, the Michigan Senate passed, by a 37-0 vote, an emergency harbor dredging funding bill that made private marinas ineligible for a new loan program if they discriminate based on sexual orientation. On March 20, 2013, the Michigan House of Representatives passed the bill by a vote of 106-4. On March 27, 2013, Governor Rick Snyder signed an emergency harbor dredging funding bill that made private marinas ineligible for a new loan program if they discriminate based on sexual orientation.^[25][26]

In January 2019, Governor Gretchen Whitmer issued an executive order prohibiting discrimination on the basis of both sexual orientation and gender identity in all areas of state government employment, including by employers receiving contracts and in grants from the state.^[27]

2018 Civil Rights Commission decision

In September 2017, after the Legislature had voted 11 times to reject protecting LGBT people from discrimination, LGBT activists asked the Michigan Civil Rights Commission to declare sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination a form of sex discrimination and as such outlaw it under the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act.^[28]

On May 21, 2018, the Commission interpreted the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act as banning discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity through the category of sex. The Commission voted 5-0 to interpret existing anti-discrimination laws as including both categories. The Michigan Department of Civil Rights began processing complaints of discrimination on May 22. This decision effectively means that LGBT discrimination is now illegal under state law.^[29][30] The decision was hailed by human rights group, but denounced by conservative groups.

EEOC v. R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes

On March 7, 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (covering Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio and Tennessee) ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination against transgender people under the category of sex. It also ruled that employers may not use the Religious Freedom Restoration Act to justify discrimination against LGBT people. Aimee Stephens, a transgender woman, began working for a funeral home and presented as male. In 2013, she told her boss that she was transgender and planned to transition. She was promptly fired by her boss who said that "gender transition violat[es] God’s commands because a person’s sex is an immutable God-given fit."^[33] With this decision, discrimination in the workplace based on gender identity is now banned in Michigan.

Local municipalities

Over thirty local municipalities have local human rights ordinances which prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity in employment and housing.^[34]

Hate crime law

Since 1992, sexual orientation has been recognized for data collection about hate crimes in Michigan.^[36]

Gender identity and expression

In order for transgender people to change their legal gender on their birth certificates in Michigan, they must undergo sex reassignment surgery, a name change and receive a medical affidavit from a physician.^[37]

Public opinion

A 2017 Public Religion Research Institute poll found that 63% of Michigan residents supported same-sex marriage, while 29% were opposed and 8% were unsure.^[38] Additionally, 70% supported an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity. 22% were opposed. The PRRI also found that 62% were against allowing public businesses to refuse to serve LGBT people due to religious beliefs, while 31% supported such religiously-based refusals.

See also

• Politics of Michigan
• LGBT history in Michigan
• LGBT rights in the United States
• Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States
• Law of Michigan

References

• Port Gamble Tribal Community, Washington
• Port Gamble Tribal Comunity, Washington
• Port Gawler Conservation Park
• Port-Gentil FC
• Port George (community)
• Port Gibson Female College
• Port Gibson, Indiana
• Port Glasgow Curling Club
• Port Glenone
• Portglenone F.C.
• Portgordon railway station
• Portgordon Victoria F.C.
• Port Grand
• Port Grand Complex
• Port Grand Food and Entertainment Complex
• Port grape
• Port Gregory Road
• Port Greville, Nova Scotia
• Port Hacking High School
• Porthallow
• Porthall railway station
• Port Hamilton Incident
• Port Haney
• Port Harbor Railroad
• Port-Harcourt