“Kurdistan Regional Government”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) ({{lang-ku|حکوومەتی هەرێمی کوردستان}}, Hikûmetî Herêmî Kurdistan; {{lang-ar|حكومة اقليم كردستان}}, Ḥukūmat ʾIqlīm Kurdistān) is the official ruling body of the autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan region.

The cabinet is selected by the majority party or list who also select the prime minister of the Iraqi Kurdistan region. The president is directly elected by the electorate of the region and is the head of the cabinet and chief of state who delegates executive powers to the cabinet. The prime minister is traditionally the head of the legislative body but also shares executive powers with the president.^[2] The president of Iraqi Kurdistan is also the commander-in-chief of the Peshmerga Armed Forces.^[3] Parliament creates and passes laws by a majority vote, and the president has the power to veto any bill.

Election process

Since 1992, the governing bodies have been primarily based in Erbil ({{lang-ku|Hewlêr}}, هەولێر), officially declared the capital of the region. The KRG parliament, or the Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament (IKP), is elected by popular vote. Voters are given one vote and may choose a single party from the list. The cabinet is selected by the majority party or parties. The majority party or coalition appoints and negotiates terms for the prime minister of the Kurdistan region. The president of the Kurdistan region is directly elected by its citizens.^[3]

Currently, the cabinet is composed of the largest two governing parties, the KDP and the PUK and their allies.

Current cabinet

Other members of government

Recent elections

1992 elections

On 19 May 1992, 6 months after Kurds had gained their freedom, the first elections were held. Due to the 7% threshold the only parties which had a chance of winning seats in parliament were the KDP and the PUK. The election resulted in a narrow victory for the KDP, which with 45% of the vote gained 51 seats while the PUK with 44% of the vote gained 49 seats. However, due to allegations of election fraud they divided the seats 50–50 and created a unity government. The government however collapsed and resulted in a civil war breaking out in 1994. The last parliamentary meeting was held in 1996.^[4] It resulted in the creation of two Kurdish states, a PUK-controlled state based in Silemani and a KDP-controlled state based in Hewler, both proclaiming themselves as legitimate rulers of Kurdistan.^[5]

2005 elections

The primary goal of the 2005 elections was to end party-rule in the Iraqi Kurdistan and unify the two major parties—the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK)—who fought a civil war in the mid-1990s over territorial disputes and control of the Kurdistan Region. Previously, the region was divided up by administrative provinces that were under control of either the KDP or the PUK. In 2004, the two parties created one unified list or coalition called the Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan, which included several smaller parties as well. Not surprisingly, the coalition received the majority of votes (an overwhelming 90%) allowing the KDP and PUK to effectively divide key positions in government. The coalition achieved 104 of the 111 seats in parliament.^[6]

In June 2012, the IKP held its first official meeting with Massoud Barzani as the elected president. After six long months, the IKP finally agreed on administration positions. In 2006, the government was selected with Nechervan Idris Barzani as prime minister.^[6] The parties also negotiated terms for the prime minister. Nechervan Barzani, who is a member of the KDP, was expected to serve two years and would be replaced with a PUK candidate in 2008.

2009 elections

The latest parliamentary elections were held on 25 July 2009. Kurdistan List, a joint list of KDP and PUK, won the largest share of seats and was tasked to form the next government. Major opposition parties include Change List and Reform List with 25 and 13 seats respectively. The new prime minister, Barham Salih of PUK, assumed office on 28 October 2009. Minority Turkmen have five seats and Christians (Assyrians and Armenians) are represented with four seats. This KRG government comprised 19 ministries.^[8]

In 2005, Massoud Barzani was elected as President of Iraqi Kurdistan by the parliament. In 2009, the KRG decided that the president would no longer be selected by parliament, and instead, direct elections would take place. In the 2009 elections, President Barzani ran for re-election and faced a host of opposing candidates including Halow Ibrahim Ahmed, Kamal Mirawdily, Ahmed Mohammed Rasul and Hussein Garmiyani. The election was a landslide victory for Barzani getting approximately 70% of the votes. Kemal Mirawdily came second with 25%.^[9]

2013 elections

Role in Iraq

The KRG has assumed governmental responsibility in the federal region of Iraq. As stipulated by the Iraqi constitution, Iraq will be divided into federal regions that will handle their own domestic affairs while the Baghdad central government will deal with international affairs. The single most controversial issue regarding federalism is oil. The KRG under Nechervan Barzani has signed several oil contracts with foreign states, including companies in the United States and China.^[10] According to Bloomberg L.P. if it were a country KRG would rank 10th amongst countries with largest reserves.^[11] While the KRG asserts that such contracts are legal under Iraqi law and the constitution, many disputes remain.

The main Kurdish parties and Peshmerga cooperated with the US-led coalition during the 2003 invasion of Iraq that led to Saddam Hussein's overthrow. Kurdish politicians were represented in the Iraqi governing council. On January 30, 2005 three elections were held in the region: 1) for Transitional National Assembly of Iraq 2) for Iraqi Kurdistan National Assembly and 3) for provincial councils.^[12] The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period recognized the autonomy of the Kurdistan Regional Government during the interim between "full sovereignty" and the adoption of a permanent constitution.

The Kurdistan Regional Government currently has constitutionally recognised authority over the provinces of Erbil, Duhok, and Silemani, as well as "de facto" authority over parts of Diyala and Ninawa provinces as well as Kirkuk Province.

One particularly difficult issue yet to be resolved is the future boundaries of the region. Many Kurds wish it to be expanded to include the Kurdish majority city of Kirkuk, but this is complicated by the Assyrian, Turkmen and Arab populations of the city and the opposition of Turkey, which is concerned about the region's potential to break away from Iraq (with possible consequences for its own Kurdish minority). The final boundaries of the autonomous region are set to be decided through a number of referendums which were scheduled to be held before the end of 2007 as stipulated in the Iraqi constitution. However, the preparations needed for such a referendum to take place have not been made by the Iraqi central government, and the promised referendums have been postponed for up to six months.^[13]

In the wake of the ratification of the Iraqi constitution in October 2005, Iraqi Kurdistan reconstituted itself as a federal region under the new constitutional framework. Kirkuk's status with respect to the federal region should, under that framework, be decided by a simple majority vote in the provinces.

The Kurdistan Regional Government has inaugurated a movement to distinguish itself from the rest of Iraq, entitled "Kurdistan – The Other Iraq", in a bid to attract investors by showing its security and economic progress amidst the Iraq War.^[14]

The Iraqi Kurdistan region, has in 2005, established a sister-state relationship with the US State of Oregon.^[15]

On 26 November 2012, combat between Baghdad and Kurdish-Irbil military units broke out into open clashes and required an urgent security agreement between federal and Kurdish military officials to avert further fighting.^[16]

In 2013, KRG ordered twelve MD 530F helicopters for police and fire-fighting duties.^[17]

2014

From mid-2013 to mid-2014, the KRG "built up their own defenses by creating a security belt stretching more than 1,000 km (600 miles) from the Iranian border all the way to Syria – skirting around Mosul, a city of 2 million people, they appear to have no intention of fighting for the ISIS."^[18] In August 2014, ISIS attacked the Kurds.

On 13 June 2014, the city of Kirkuk and the surrounding area was seized, without firing a shot,^[18] by the Peshmerga and added to Iraqi Kurdistan.^[19]

On 1 July 2014, Massud Barzani announced that "Iraq's Kurds will hold an independence referendum within months."^[20] Although Turkey has traditionally been strongly opposed to the notion of a Kurdish state, there are now indications that modern Turkey is ready to recognize an independent Kurdish state outside of Turkey. Hüseyin Çelik, Deputy Chairman of ruling AK-party, is quoted to have said "If Iraq is divided and it is inevitable, (the Kurdish Regional Government) are our brothers. Unfortunately, the situation in Iraq is not good and it looks like it is going to be divided".^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]

2017

In September, a referendum was held regarding Kurdish independence in Iraq. 92% of Iraqi Kurds voted in favor of independence.^[25]^[26] The referendum was regarded as illegal by the federal government in Baghdad, and on 6 November, Iraq's Supreme Federal Court ruled that no Iraqi province was allowed to secede in order to preserve the unity of Iraq.^[27]

On 14 November, the KRG announced it would respect the Supreme Federal Court's ruling, stating that "this decision must become a basis for starting an inclusive national dialogue between (Kurdish authorities in) Erbil and Baghdad to resolve all disputes".^[28]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://krg.org/articles/detail.asp?anr=32349&lngnr=12&rnr=93&smap=04020000|title=About the Kurdistan Regional Government|website=krg.org}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.krg.org/articles/kurdistan_regional_government_en.html|title=Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG)|website=www.krg.org}}
3. ^¹Constitution of the Kurdistan Region
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.knn.u-net.com/parlim~1.htm |title=Parl |publisher=Knn.u-net.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215225953/http://www.knn.u-net.com/parlim~1.htm |archivedate=2012-02-15 |df= }}
5. ^{{cite news|last=Lee |first=Andrew |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1174457,00.html |title=Trouble in Kurdistan |publisher=TIME |date=2006-03-17 |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
6. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/LSGZ-6VRD5U?OpenDocument |title=Iraq: Sulaymaniyah Governorate assessment report |publisher=Reliefweb.int |date=2006-08-31 |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/html/newsletterImages/PF81Annexes.pdf |title=Provincial Politics in Iraq |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://krg.org/articles/detail.asp?anr=32349&lngnr=12&rnr=93&smap=04020000 |title=Kurdistan Regional Government |publisher=KRG |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hFDxqcV5_5pBvNq_kHWZdFLr6EMw |title=AFP: Opposition set to break Iraqi Kurd stranglehold |publisher=Google.com |date=2009-07-26 |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSGEE5AL08420091122?rpc=401& |title=Sinopec bid to take part in Iraq oil deals rebuffed |publisher=Reuters.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-11-14/2014-outlook-kurdistans-oil-ambitions |title=Kurdistan's Oil Ambitions |publisher=www.businessweek.com |date=2013-11-14 |accessdate=2013-11-19}}
12. ^H. Walker, T. Clark, Election in Iraq - 30 January 2005:An Assessment, Journal of Asian Affairs, Vol.36, No.2, July 2005, p.182
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/0b7c4568-f124-4224-98ba-f498102d52aa.html |title=Iraq: Kurdish Official Says Kirkuk Normalization To Proceed - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY |publisher=Rferl.org |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theotheriraq.com/ |title=Kurdistan |publisher=The Other Iraq |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.leg.state.or.us/05orlaws/sessresmem.dir/scr0003ses.htm|title=Senate Concurrent Resolution 3, Oregon Laws 2005|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611110639/http://www.leg.state.or.us/05orlaws/sessresmem.dir/scr0003ses.htm|archivedate=2011-06-11|df=}}
16. ^{{cite web|last=Salem|first=Paul|title=INSIGHT: Iraq’s Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict|url=http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2012/11/insight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791/|publisher=Middle East Voices -VOA|accessdate=3 November 2012|date=November 29, 2012}}
17. ^"MD Helicopters Receives Orders for 12 MD 530F Helicopters from Kurdistan Regional Government" AviationPros, September 24, 2013. Accessed: October 13, 2013.
18. ^¹{{cite web | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/13/us-iraq-security-kurds-idUSKBN0EO2MJ20140613 | title=Kurds realize dream as Baghdad loses grip on north Iraq | publisher=Reuters | date=13 June 2014 | accessdate=19 October 2015}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27838034|title=Struggle for Iraq: In maps |publisher=BBC|date=18 June 2014}}
20. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/kurdish-leader-vote-for-independence-soon-2014-7?nr_email_referer=1 | title=Kurdish Leader: We Will Vote For Independence Soon | publisher=Business Insider | date=1 July 2014 | accessdate=1 July 2014 | author=Agence France Presse}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_celik-signals-turkey-to-welcome-independent-kurdish-state-in-iraq_351625.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-01-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023211/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_celik-signals-turkey-to-welcome-independent-kurdish-state-in-iraq_351625.html |archivedate=2016-03-05 |df= }}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/130620142|title=Turkey's AKP Spokesman: Iraq's Kurds Have Right to Decide Their Future|publisher=}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/turkey-may-support-independent-kurdistan-2014-7?IR=T|title=The Tide Is Finally Turning For The Kurds — Especially In Turkey|publisher=}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/07/idiz-kurds-independence-ankara-krg-isis-mosul-iraq-kirkuk.html#|title=Would Turkey accept a Kurdish state?|date=1 July 2014|publisher=}}
25. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20170927-iraqi-kurds-vote-overwhelmingly-independence-referendum|title=92% of Iraqi Kurds back independence from Baghdad, election commission says - France 24|date=2017-09-27|work=France 24|access-date=2017-11-14|language=en-US}}
26. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/27/over-92-of-iraqs-kurds-vote-for-independence|title=More than 92% of voters in Iraqi Kurdistan back independence|last=Chulov|first=Martin|date=2017-09-27|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-11-14|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
27. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-kurds/iraqcourt-rules-no-region-can-secede-after-kurdish-independence-bid-idUSKBN1D617O|title=Iraq court rules no region can secede after Kurdish independence bid|date=2017-11-06|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-11-14}}
28. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-kurds/iraqs-kurdistan-says-to-respect-court-decision-banning-secession-idUSKBN1DE0XD|title=Iraq's Kurdistan says to respect court decision banning secession|date=2017-11-14|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-11-14}}