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词条 Kure Atoll
释义

  1. Geography

  2. Climate

  3. Geological history

  4. Human exploration and use

     Amateur radio 

  5. Gallery

  6. References

  7. External links

{{short description|An atoll in the Pacific Ocean in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands}}{{Infobox islands
| name = Kure Atoll
| image_name = KureISS006-E-29046.PNG
| image_caption = Satellite image of Kure Atoll (north is towards the upper-left corner)
| image_alt = Satellite image of Kure Atoll (north is towards the upper-left corner)
| map = North Pacific
| map_alt = Location of Kure Atoll in the Pacific Ocean
| area_km2 = 0.884
| location = Pacific Ocean
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|25|N|178|20|W}}
| total_islands = 2
| major_islands = Green Island
| length_mi = 5.8
| width_mi = 4.8
| timezone1 = UTC−10
| population = 0
| population_as_of = 2012
| country = United States
| country_admin_divisions_title = State
| country_admin_divisions = Hawaii
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = County
| country_admin_divisions_1 = Honolulu County
| archipelago = Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
}}{{nihongo|Kure Atoll}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊər|iː}}; {{lang-haw|Mokupāpapa}}) or Ocean Island is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean {{convert|48|nmi|km mi|0}} beyond Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at {{coord|28|25|N|178|20|W|type:isle|display=inline,title}}. The only land of significant size is called Green Island and is a habitat for hundreds of thousands of seabirds. A short, unused and unmaintained runway and a portion of one building, both from a former United States Coast Guard LORAN station, are located on the island. Politically it is part of Hawaii, although separated from the rest of the state by Midway, which is a separate unorganized territory. Green Island, in addition to being the nesting grounds of tens of thousands of seabirds, has recorded several vagrant terrestrial birds including snow bunting, eyebrowed thrush, brambling, olive-backed pipit, black kite, Steller's sea eagle and Chinese sparrowhawk.

Geography

The International Date Line lies approximately 100 miles (87 nmi/160 km) to the west. Although located to the west of Midway Atoll, Kure Atoll has a timezone +1 hour ahead at 00 (the same as the rest of Hawaii). Kure is the northernmost coral atoll in the world.[1][2] It consists of a 6-mile (10 km) wide nearly circular barrier reef surrounding a shallow lagoon and several sand islets. There is a total land area of {{convert|213.097|acre|ha|3}}, with Green Island on the southeast side[3] having {{convert|191.964|acre|ha|3|}} of this total. A growing number of Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) haul out on its beaches.[4]

Climate

Data chart below has been taken from Midway Atoll due to a lack of any weather stations present on Kure Atoll.

Kure Atoll features a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with high year-round temperatures. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, with only two months being able to be classified as dry season months (May and June).

{{Weather box|width=800px|
|location = Kure Atoll
|single line = yes
|Jan record high F = 80
|Feb record high F = 81
|Mar record high F = 81
|Apr record high F = 82
|May record high F = 87
|Jun record high F = 89
|Jul record high F = 92
|Aug record high F = 92
|Sep record high F = 92
|Oct record high F = 89
|Nov record high F = 88
|Dec record high F = 82
|Jan high F = 70
|Feb high F = 70
|Mar high F = 71
|Apr high F = 72
|May high F = 76
|Jun high F = 81
|Jul high F = 83
|Aug high F = 84
|Sep high F = 84
|Oct high F = 80
|Nov high F = 76
|Dec high F = 73
|Jan mean F = 66
|Feb mean F = 66
|Mar mean F = 67
|Apr mean F = 69
|May mean F = 72
|Jun mean F = 77
|Jul mean F = 79
|Aug mean F = 80
|Sep mean F = 80
|Oct mean F = 77
|Nov mean F = 73
|Dec mean F = 69
|Jan low F = 62
|Feb low F = 62
|Mar low F = 63
|Apr low F = 64
|May low F = 68
|Jun low F = 73
|Jul low F = 75
|Aug low F = 75
|Sep low F = 75
|Oct low F = 72
|Nov low F = 69
|Dec low F = 65
|Jan record low F = 49
|Feb record low F = 50
|Mar record low F = 51
|Apr record low F = 53
|May record low F = 55
|Jun record low F = 61
|Jul record low F = 63
|Aug record low F = 64
|Sep record low F = 64
|Oct record low F = 59
|Nov record low F = 55
|Dec record low F = 51
|Jan precipitation inch = 5.0
|Feb precipitation inch = 3.8
|Mar precipitation inch = 3.0
|Apr precipitation inch = 2.5
|May precipitation inch = 2.3
|Jun precipitation inch = 2.2
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.3
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.3
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.5
|Oct precipitation inch = 3.5
|Nov precipitation inch = 3.8
|Dec precipitation inch = 4.1
|Jan precipitation days = 16
|Feb precipitation days = 14
|Mar precipitation days = 12
|Apr precipitation days = 11
|May precipitation days = 9
|Jun precipitation days = 9
|Jul precipitation days = 15
|Aug precipitation days = 15
|Sep precipitation days = 15
|Oct precipitation days = 14
|Nov precipitation days = 14
|Dec precipitation days = 16
|source = Weatherbase[5]
}}

Geological history

The geological history of Kure is generally similar to Midway, but Kure lies close to what is called the Darwin Point, the latitude at which reef growth just equals reef destruction by various physical forces. As Kure continues to be slowly carried along to the northwest by the motion of the Pacific Plate, it will move into waters too cool for coral and coralline algae growth to keep up with isostatic subsidence of the mountain, so long as global warming does not interfere. Currently the atoll is warmed by the pools of water at the ends of the warm Kuroshio Current, keeping it in very comfortable range in winter. Barring unforeseen evolution, it will then begin to join the other volcanic and reef-topped remnants of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain to the northwest, all of which are now seamounts.[4][6]

Human exploration and use

In the Hawaiian language the term Mokupāpapa was used for any flat island with reefs.[7] The northwestern islands are associated with Kāne Milohai in Hawaiian mythology. The brother of Pele (creator of the islands) was left to stand guard for travelers.[8]

Before the mid-19th century, Kure Atoll was visited by several ships and given new names each time. Sometimes spelled Cure, its English name was for a Russian navigator who sighted the atoll.[9] It was officially named Kure Island in 1924 and then Kure Atoll in 1987.[10]

Many crews were stranded on Kure Atoll after being shipwrecked on the surrounding reefs and had to survive on the local seals, turtles, and birds. The shipwrecks remain on the reef today, including the {{USS|Saginaw|1859|6}}. Because of these incidents, King Kalākaua sent Colonel J. H. Boyd to Kure as his Special Commissioner. On September 20, 1886, he took possession of the island for the Hawaiian government. The King ordered that a crude house be built on the island, with tanks for holding water and provisions for any other unfortunates who might be cast away there. But the provisions were stolen within a year and the house soon fell into ruins.[11]

Largely neglected for most of its history, during World War II Kure was routinely visited by U.S. Navy patrols from nearby Midway to ensure that the Japanese were not using it to refuel submarines or flying boats from submarine-tankers for attacks elsewhere in the Hawaiian chain. During the Battle of Midway, a Japanese Nakajima B5N "Kate" bomber, operating from aircraft carrier Hiryū, piloted by Lieutenant Kikuchi Rokurō, and which had been involved in the initial Japanese attack on Midway's US installations, crash-landed near Kure after being damaged by US fighters.[12] Once ashore, Lt. Kikuchi and the two other members of his crew (Warrant Officer Yumoto Noriyoshi and Petty Officer (1st Class) Narasaki Hironori) refused capture and were either killed or committed suicide when an American landing party tried to capture them.[12]

Kure is located within a major current which washes up debris from the Great Pacific garbage patch, such as fishing nets and large numbers of cigarette lighters, on the island. These pose threats to the local animals, especially birds, whose skeletons are frequently found with plastic in the stomach cavity.[4][13]

On October 16, 1998, the longline fishing vessel Paradise Queen II ran aground on the eastern edge of Green Island of Kure Atoll, spilling approximately 4,000 gallons of diesel fuel before recovery operations could commence. Debris from that shipwreck continued to pollute the reef and shoreline for many years, endangering wildlife and damaging the coral reef. The long-term impact of this and other wrecks within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) highlight the dangers to sensitive habitats in the area. To help ensure their protection, the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument was designated a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) in 2008 by the International Maritime Organization.[14][15] In addition to avoiding specific areas, owners must identify when their ship enters and leaves the PSSA's 10 nautical mile wide reporting area so a timely response can be taken should there be a maritime emergency.

From 1960 to 1992, a United States Coast Guard LORAN station was located on Green Island. A short coral runway was built on the island to support Coast Guard operations,[11] but it was abandoned and is currently unusable.[16] Although there is no permanent human population, the atoll is formally part of the City and County of Honolulu.[17]

It became a state wildlife sanctuary in 1981.[18]

Since 1993 the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources and volunteers from the Kure Atoll Conservancy group have helped to restore the atoll to a more natural state.[19] Jean-Michel Cousteau produced a video on a voyage to Kure which first aired in 2006.[20] Since 2010 the Division of Forestry and Wildlife has had a year-round presence on Kure Atoll.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Amateur radio

Because of its particularly remote location, Kure Island has been the scene of several amateur radio DX expeditions, or DX-peditions. Because the radio propagation path between Kure and Europe runs right over the North Polar region, opportunities for distant communication with Kure are particularly popular among European amateurs.{{Citation needed|date = November 2014}} Some of the DXpeditions to Kure were:

  • 1969{{spaced ndash}}Callsign: KH6NR/KH6{{spaced ndash}}From November 11 to November 14, 1969, Marine Staff Sergeant Don Chilcote, KH6GKV (now VE6NN), and Navy ICFN Gene Lewis, KH6HDB (now W5LE), operated from Kure Island, using the U.S. Navy Reserve Training Center, Honolulu's callsign.[21]
  • 1970 {{spaced ndash}}Callsign: W7UXP/KH6 - October by WB2OIF, KH6HCM/W7UXP, KH6HGP/W7WOX
  • 1971–72{{spaced ndash}}Callsign: KH6EDY—The U.S. Coast Guard Loran Station Kure Island's callsign.{{Citation needed|date = November 2014}}
  • 1973–74{{spaced ndash}}Callsign: KH6HDB{{spaced ndash}}From September 1973 to September 1974, Gene Lewis, KH6HDB (now W5LE), operated from Kure Island. Lewis had been one of the two operators to activate Kure during the one-week DXpedition of KH6NR/KH6 during November 1969. He subsequently joined the Coast Guard for the express purpose of getting to spend a one-year tour of duty on Kure Island.[22]
  • 1997{{spaced ndash}}Event call sign: K7K. This was a joint scientific/radio operation including four fish and wildlife scientists and the eight members of the Midway-Kure DX Foundation's 1996 Midway team. The team included four scientists from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.[23]
  • 2005{{spaced ndash}}Event call sign: K7C. The team consisted of 12 amateur radio operators from the United States, Canada, and Germany.[21]
  • 2018 - the Pacific Island DX-pedeition Group's 4th application since 2014 was rejected by the Hawaii Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, citing the inability to provide "adequate safeguards for the resources and ecological integrity" of Kure Atoll, despite successful Amateur Radio activations, with U. S. Fish and Wildlife representation, on Palmyra, Navassa, and Baker Island with no harmful impact to those island habitats.[24]

Gallery

References

1. ^Samu, Tanya (2004). Geography: Year 12. Government of Samoa: Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture. Page 18. {{ISBN|9825170611}}.
2. ^{{cite book | url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1182/of2012-1182.pdf | title=Predicting sea-level rise vulnerability of terrestrial habitat and wildlife of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1182 | publisher=USGS | author=Reynolds, M.H., Berkowitz, P., Courtot, K.N., Krause, C. M. (editors) | year=2012 | pages=7}}
3. ^{{GNIS |1890765 |Green Island}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Safina|first1=Carl|title=Eye of the albatross : visions of hope and survival|date=2003|publisher=H. Holt|location=New York|isbn=9780805062298|edition=1st Owl Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhcJn_U-chsC|accessdate=19 February 2015}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=166019&cityname=Midway-Island-United-States-of-America&units=us|title=Midway Island, Midway Islands Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)|work=weatherbase.com|accessdate=22 November 2016}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Kure Atoll (Moku Pāpapa)|url=http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/kure.html|website=Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
7. ^{{Hawaiian Dictionaries |moku papapa |accessdate= March 9, 2011}}
8. ^{{Hawaiian Dictionaries |Kānemiloha{{okina}}i |q=Kanemiloha'i |dic=mm |accessdate= March 9, 2011}}
9. ^{{Hawaiian Dictionaries |Kure |dic=pp |accessdate= March 9, 2011}}
10. ^{{GNIS |366219 |Kure Atoll }}
11. ^1 {{cite book |title=Isles of Refuge: Wildlife and history of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands |year=2001|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|author= Mark J. Rauzon |ISBN= 0-8028-5088-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Liof5xfsCM8C}}
12. ^1 {{cite book |author1= Jonathan B. Parshall |author2= Anthony P. Tully |year= 2005 |title= Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway |location= Dulles, Virginia |publisher= Potomac Books |isbn=1-57488-923-0 |pages= 200, 204, 516, 553 note 45, note 56 }}
13. ^Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Kure Atoll {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212211443/http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/about/kure.html |date=2006-02-12 }}
14. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=22481&filename=171(57).pdf |title= Designation of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area |publisher=International Maritime Organization (IMO)|accessdate= February 19, 2015}}
15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Shallanberger|first1=Robert J.|date=February 2006|title= History of Management in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands|journal=Atoll Research Bulletin|publisher= National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution|issue=543|page=26|url=http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/atollresearchbulletin/issues/00543.pdf|accessdate=19 February 2015}}
16. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/hawaiian_monk_seal/nwhi_field_camps.php |title= Hawaiian Monk Seal Population Assessment Field Camps In The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)|accessdate= February 3, 2015 }}
17. ^{{cite web |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-context=dt&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CHECK_SEARCH_RESULTS=N&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_P001&-tree_id=4001&-transpose=N&-redoLog=true&-all_geo_types=N&-geo_id=100$10000US150030114981023&-geo_id=100$10000US150030114981024&-format=&-_lang=en&-show_geoid=Y |title= Kure Atoll, including Green Island: Blocks 1023 and 1024, Census Tract 114.98, Honolulu County, Hawaii |work= 2000 Census |publisher= United States Census Bureau |accessdate= March 9, 2011 }}
18. ^{{GNIS |1964893 |Kure Atoll State Wildlife Sanctuary}}
19. ^{{cite web |title= Kure Atoll Conservancy |work= volunteer web site |year= 2009 |url= http://www.kureatollconservancy.org/ |accessdate= March 9, 2011 }}
20. ^{{Cite web |title = Voyage to Kure |work= Jean-Michel Cousteau: Ocean Adventures |url= https://www.pbs.org/kqed/oceanadventures/episodes/kure/about.html |publisher= KQED-TV |year = 2006 |accessdate= March 9, 2011 }}
21. ^1 {{cite web|title=The 2005 Cordell Expedition to Kure Atoll|url=http://www.cordell.org/KURE/index.html|website=www.cordell.org|publisher=Cordell Expeditions|accessdate=3 February 2015}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.qrz.com/db|title=QRZ Callsign Database Search by QRZ.COM|work=qrz.com|accessdate=22 November 2016}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.qsl.net/eudxf/stories/k7k.html|title=k7k.html|work=qsl.net|accessdate=22 November 2016}}
24. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=January 2019|title=How's DX: The Elusive Kure Atoll|url=|journal=QST|volume=103, No. 1|pages=93|via=}}

External links

{{commons category|Kure Atoll}}
  • [https://www.pbs.org/kqed/oceanadventures/episodes/kure/diaries/kure.html Quick Facts on the Kure Atoll from the PBS Ocean Adventures site]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060212211443/http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/about/kure.html Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve]
  • List of DXpeditions to Kure Island
  • Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Information Management System
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