| 词条 | Kurt Hahn |
| 释义 |
Kurt Matthias Robert Martin Hahn CBE[1] (5 June 1886, Berlin – 14 December 1974, Hermannsberg) was a German Jewish educator. He founded Schule Schloss Salem, Gordonstoun, Outward Bound and the United World Colleges. Early lifeBorn in Berlin to Jewish parents, Hahn attended school in Berlin, then universities at Oxford, Heidelberg, Freiburg and Göttingen.[2] During World War I, Hahn worked in the German Department for Foreign Affairs, analyzing British newspapers and advising the Foreign Office. He had been private secretary to Prince Max von Baden, the last Imperial Chancellor of Germany.[3] In 1920, Hahn and Prince Max founded Schule Schloss Salem, a private boarding school, where Hahn served as headmaster until 1933. Hahn was raised as a Jew and served as the Salem School's headmaster during Adolf Hitler's rise to power. Hahn began his fierce criticism of the Nazi regime after Hitler's storm troopers killed a young communist in the presence of his mother. When he spoke out against the storm troopers, who had received no punishment, Hahn spoke against Hitler publicly. He asked the students, faculty and alumni of the Salem school to choose between Salem and Hitler. As a result, he was imprisoned for five days (from 11 to 16 March 1933). After an appeal by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, Hahn was released, and in July 1933 he was forced to leave Germany and moved to Britain. United KingdomHahn settled in Scotland, where he founded Gordonstoun with Sir Lawrence Holt on similar principles to the school in Salem.[4] Later, Hahn converted to Christianity and became a communicant member of the Church of England in 1945 and preached in the Church of Scotland. He also started an international organisation of schools, now called Round Square. Hahn was also involved in the foundation of the Outward Bound Organisation, Atlantic College in Wales and the wider United World College movement, and the Duke of Edinburgh's Award.[5] Return to GermanyHahn divided his time between Britain and Germany after the war. He founded several new boarding schools based on the principles of Salem and Gordonstoun: Anavryta, Greece (1949); Louisenlund, Germany (1949); Battisborough, England (1955); Rannoch School, Scotland (1959); Box Hill, England (1959); International School Ibadan, Nigeria (1963); The Athenian School, USA (1965). He resigned from the headship of Gordonstoun on health grounds and returned to Hermannsberg near Salem in 1953. He died there on 14 December 1974 and was buried in Salem.[6] PhilosophyHahn's educational philosophy was based on respect for adolescents, whom he believed to possess an innate decency and moral sense, but who were, he believed, corrupted by society as they aged. He believed that education could prevent this corruption, if students were given opportunities for personal leadership and to see the results of their own actions. This is one reason for the focus on outdoor adventure in his philosophy. Hahn relied here on Dr. Bernhard Zimmermann, the former Director of the Göttingen University Physical Education Department, who had to leave Germany in 1938 as he did not want to divorce his Jewish wife. Hahn's educational thinking was crystallized by World War I, which he viewed as proof of the corruption of society and a promise of later doom if people, Europeans particularly, could not be taught differently. At the Schule Schloss Salem, in addition to acting as headmaster, he taught history, politics, ancient Greek, Shakespeare, and Schiller. He was deeply influenced by Plato's thought. Gordonstoun is based less on Eton than on Salem. Hahn's prefects are called Colour Bearers, and traditionally they are promoted according to Hahn's values: concern and compassion for others, the willingness to accept responsibility, and concern and tenacity in pursuit of the truth. Punishment of any kind is viewed as a last resort. Hahn also emphasized what he called "Samaritan service", having students give service to others. He formulated this as focusing on finding Christian purpose in life. It has however been adopted by the IB program and secularized.[7] PersonalityIn 1934, through his lectures in London to the New Education Fellowship, Hahn met the educationalist T. C. Worsley and persuaded him to spend a summer term at the newly founded Gordonstoun in the capacity of consultant.[8] In his memoir Flannelled Fool: A Slice of a Life in the Thirties, Worsley records his impressions of Hahn's penetrating character analysis, and his energy and commitment in the cause of human development, but as time went on he became critical of Hahn's "despotic, overpowering personality":[9] He revealed himself as having a fierce temper, a strong hand with the cane, and a temperament which hated being crossed. Especially damaging to my very English view, was his dislike of being defeated at any game. Hahn was an avid tennis player. But was it an easily forgiveable weakness that his opponents had to be chosen for being his inferiors or else, if their form was unknown, instructed not to let themselves win?[9] Hahn's behaviour came to seem to Worsley "so ineffably, so Germanically silly"[10] that he was unable to share the clear adulation of the teaching staff:
Hahn's views on Shakespeare led to an open disagreement:
Six Declines of Modern Youth
Hahn not only pointed out the decline of modern youth; he also came up with four antidotes to fix the problem.
Ten Expeditionary Learning PrinciplesThese 10 principles, which seek to describe a caring, adventurous school culture and approach to learning, were drawn{{by whom|date=October 2014}} from the ideas of Kurt Hahn and other education leaders{{which|date=October 2014}} for use in Expeditionary Learning Outward Bound (ELOB) schools.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} {{ordered list| The primacy of self-discovery Learning happens best with emotion, challenge and the requisite support. People discover their abilities, values, passions, and responsibilities in situations that offer adventure and the unexpected. In Expeditionary Learning schools, students undertake tasks that require perseverance, fitness, craftsmanship, imagination, self-discipline, and significant achievement. A teacher's primary task is to help students overcome their fears and discover they can do more than they think they can. | The having of wonderful ideas Teaching in Expeditionary Learning schools fosters curiosity about the world by creating learning situations that provide something important to think about, time to experiment, and time to make sense of what is observed. | The responsibility for learning Learning is both a personal process of discovery and a social activity. Everyone learns both individually and as part of a group. Every aspect of an Expeditionary Learning school encourages both children and adults to become increasingly responsible for directing their own personal and collective learning. | Empathy and caring Learning is fostered best in communities where students’ and teachers’ ideas are respected and where there is mutual trust. Learning groups are small in Expeditionary Learning schools, with a caring adult looking after the progress and acting as an advocate for each child. Older students mentor younger ones, and students feel physically and emotionally safe. | Success and failure All students need to be successful if they are to build the confidence and capacity to take risks and meet increasingly difficult challenges. But it is also important for students to learn from their failures, to persevere when things are hard, and to learn to turn disabilities into opportunities. | Collaboration and competition Individual development and group development are integrated so that the value of friendship, trust, and group action is clear. Students are encouraged to compete not against each other but with their own personal best and with rigorous standards of excellence. | Diversity and inclusion Both diversity and inclusion increase the richness of ideas, creative power, problem-solving ability, and respect for others. In Expeditionary Learning schools, students investigate and value their different histories and talents, as well as those of other communities' cultures. Schools' learning groups are heterogeneous. | The natural world A direct and respectful relationship with the natural world refreshes the human spirit and teaches{{clarify|date=October 2014}} the important ideas of recurring cycles and cause and effect. Students learn to become stewards of the earth and of future generations. | Solitude and reflection Students and teachers need time alone to explore their own thoughts, make their own connections, and create their own ideas. They also need time to exchange their reflections with others. | Service and compassion We are crew, not passengers. Students and teachers are strengthened by acts of consequential service to others, and one of an Expeditionary Learning school's primary functions is to prepare students with the attitudes and skills to learn from and be of service to others. }} The Kurt Hahn Expeditionary Learning SchoolIn the fall of 2007, the Kurt Hahn Expeditionary Learning School opened in Brooklyn, New York. The school's mission is to prepare informed, skilled, courageous civic leaders and is named after Kurt Hahn because he embodied these values. References1. ^{{London Gazette |issue=43343 |date=13 June 1964 |supp=y |page=4946}} 2. ^HAHN, Kurt (Matthias Robert Martin), Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2015; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanradioworks.org/segments/kurt-hahn-expeditionary-learning/|title=Kurt Hahn and the roots of Expeditionary Learning {{!}} American RadioWorks {{!}}|website=www.americanradioworks.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-11}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncobs.org/about/history/|title=History of North Carolina Outward Bound {{!}} North Carolina Outward Bound|website=www.ncobs.org|language=en|access-date=2018-01-11}} 5. ^Outward Bound International (2004). Birth of Outward Bound {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110062628/http://www.outwardbound.net/about/history/ob-birth.html|date=2007-11-10}}. Retrieved December 9, 2007. 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35603975|title=The man who taught Prince Philip to think|date=2016-02-25|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-01-11|language=en-GB}} 7. ^[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03054981003629870 article on Hahn and Samaritan Service] 8. ^{{cite book | title = Flannelled Fool | publisher = The Hogarth Press | location = London |isbn=978-0-7012-0590-4 | year = 1985 |pages=182–185}} 9. ^1 {{cite book | title = Flannelled Fool |page=186}} 10. ^1 {{cite book | title = Flannelled Fool |page=188}} 11. ^{{cite book | title = Flannelled Fool |pages=186–187}} Further reading
External links{{Wikiquote}}
21 : 1886 births|1974 deaths|Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford|Heidelberg University alumni|Converts to Protestantism from Judaism|Scottish Jews|Founders of Scottish schools and colleges|German educational theorists|20th-century educational theorists|Outdoor educators|Outward Bound|Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom|Youth empowerment people|Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Commanders of the Order of the British Empire|20th-century British educators|Founders of educational institutions|Founders of British schools and colleges|Founders of schools in the United States|Founders of Nigerian schools and colleges|20th-century German educators |
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