| 词条 | Kutaisi |
| 释义 |
| name = Kutaisi | native_name = ქუთაისი | native_name_lang = ka |image_skyline = Downtown Kutaisi & White Bridge as seen from Mt Gora (August 2011)-cropped.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_flag = Flag of Kutaisi, Georgia.svg |flag_size = |image_seal = COA_of_Kutaisi.svg |flag_link = Flag of the City of Kutaisi |seal_link = Seal of the City of Kutaisi |image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=325|frame-height=325|zoom=11|frame-lat=42.260|frame-long=42.680|type=shape-inverse|id=Q172415|title=Kutaisi}} |pushpin_map = Georgia Imereti#Georgia#Greater Europe#Asia |pushpin_relief = 1 |pushpin_mapsize = 270px |map_caption = Kutaisi (Imereti) |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Georgia |subdivision_type1 = Region (Mkhare) |subdivision_name1 = Imereti |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Giorgi Chighvaria [1] |established_title = Established |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 67.7 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = 2014 census |population_footnotes = |population_total = 147635 |population_density_km2 = auto |blank1_name = Climate |blank1_info = Cfa |timezone = Georgian Time |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +5 |coordinates = {{coord|42|15|0|N|42|42|0|E|region:GE|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 200 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 4600 |area_code = (+995) 431 |website = {{URL|http://kutaisi.gov.ge/}} |footnotes = }} Kutaisi ({{IPAc-en|k|uː|ˈ|t|aɪ|s|iː}},[2] {{lang-ka|ქუთაისი}} {{IPA-ka|kʰutʰɑisi||}}) is the 3rd most populous city in Georgia, traditionally, second in importance, after the capital city of Tbilisi. Situated {{convert|221|km|0|abbr=off}} west of Tbilisi, on the Rioni River, it is the capital of the western region of Imereti. Historically one of the major cities of Georgia, it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Georgia in the Middle Ages, and later as the capital of the Kingdom of Imereti. From October 2012 to December 2018, Kutaisi briefly was the seat of the Parliament of Georgia as an effort to decentralise the Georgian government. HistoryKutaisi was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Colchis. Archaeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the kingdom of Colchis in the sixth to fifth centuries BC.[3] It's believed that, in Argonautica, a Greek epic poem about Jason and the Argonauts and their journey to Colchis, author Apollonius Rhodius considered Kutaisi their final destination as well as the residence of King Aeëtes. Later it was capital of the kingdom of Lazica until being occupied briefly by the Arabs. An Arab incursion into western Georgia was repelled by Abkhazians jointly with Lazic and Iberian allies in 736, towards c.786, Leon II won his full independence from Byzantine and transferred his capital to the Kutaisi, thus unifying Lazica and Abasgia via a dynastic union. The latter led the unification of Georgian monarchy in the 11th century. From 1008 to 1122, Kutaisi served as capital of the united Kingdom of Georgia, and from the 15th century until 1810, it was the capital of the Imeretian Kingdom. In 1508, the city was conquered by Selim I, who was the son of Bayezid II, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. During the 17th century, Imeretian kings made many appeals to Russian Empire to help them in their struggle for independence from the Ottomans. All these appeals were ignored as Russia did not want to spoil relations with Turkey. Only in the reign of Catherine the Great, in 1768, were troops of general Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben sent to join the forces of King Heraclius II of Georgia, who hoped to reconquer the Ottoman-held southern Georgian lands, with Russian help. Totleben helped King Solomon I of Imereti to recover his capital, Kutaisi, on August 6, 1770. Finally, the Russian-Turkish wars ended in 1810 with the annexation of the Imeretian Kingdom by the Russian Empire. The city was the capital of the Kutais Governorate, which included much of west Georgia. In March 1879, the city was the site of a blood libel trial that attracted attention all over Russia; the ten accused Jews were acquitted.[4] Kutaisi was a major industrial center before Georgia's independence in 1991. Independence was followed by the economic collapse of the country, and, as a result, many inhabitants of Kutaisi have had to work abroad. Small-scale trade prevails among the rest of the population. In 2011 Mikheil Saakashvili, the president of Georgia, signed a constitutional amendment relocating the parliament to Kutaisi.[5] On 26 May 2012, Saakashvili inaugurated the new Parliament building in Kutaisi. This was done in an effort to decentralise power and shift some political control closer to Abkhazia, although it has been criticised as marginalising the legislature, and also for the demolition of a Soviet War Memorial formerly at the new building's location.[6] GeographyKutaisi is located along both banks of the Rioni River. The city lies at an elevation of {{convert|125|–|300|m|0|abbr=off}} above sea level. To the east and northeast, Kutaisi is bounded by the Northern Imereti Foothills, to the north by the Samgurali Range, and to the west and the south by the Colchis Plain. LandscapeKutaisi is surrounded by deciduous forests to the northeast and the northwest. The low-lying outskirts of the city have a largely agricultural landscape. The city centre has many gardens and its streets are lined with high, leafy trees. In the springtime, when the snow starts to melt in the nearby mountains, the storming Rioni River in the middle of the city is heard far beyond its banks. ClimateKutaisi has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with a well-defined on-shore/monsoonal flow (characteristic of the Colchis Plain) during the Autumn and Winter months. The summers are generally hot and relatively dry while the winters are wet and cool. Average annual temperature in the city is 14.8 degrees Celsius. January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 5.4 degrees Celsius while August is the hottest month with an average temperature of 24.7 degrees Celsius. The absolute minimum recorded temperature is −17.0°C and the absolute maximum is 43.1°C Average annual precipitation is around {{convert|1500|mm|2|abbr=on}}. Rain may fall in every season of the year. The city often experiences heavy, wet snowfall (snowfall of 30 cm/12 inches or more per single snowstorm is not uncommon) in the winter, but the snow cover usually does not last for more than a week. Kutaisi experiences powerful easterly winds in the summer which descend from the nearby mountains. {{Weather box|location = Kutaisi |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes | Jan record high C = 22 | Feb record high C = 26 | Mar record high C = 32 | Apr record high C = 34 | May record high C = 37 | Jun record high C = 40 | Jul record high C = 42 | Aug record high C = 40 | Sep record high C = 40 | Oct record high C = 35 | Nov record high C = 29 | Dec record high C = 25 |year record high C = 42 | Jan high C = 7.7 | Feb high C = 8.9 | Mar high C = 13.1 | Apr high C = 18.2 | May high C = 23.3 | Jun high C = 26.4 | Jul high C = 28.1 | Aug high C = 28.9 | Sep high C = 25.8 | Oct high C = 21.3 | Nov high C = 15.2 | Dec high C = 10.3 |year high C = 18.9 |Jan mean C = 5.2 |Feb mean C = 5.8 |Mar mean C = 8.4 |Apr mean C = 12.9 |May mean C = 17.9 |Jun mean C = 21.0 |Jul mean C = 23.2 |Aug mean C = 23.6 |Sep mean C = 20.5 |Oct mean C = 16.4 |Nov mean C = 11.5 |Dec mean C = 7.5 |year mean C = 14.5 | Jan low C = 1.2 | Feb low C = 1.8 | Mar low C = 4.6 | Apr low C = 7.7 | May low C = 12.4 | Jun low C = 15.9 | Jul low C = 18.9 | Aug low C = 19.5 | Sep low C = 16.1 | Oct low C = 11.9 | Nov low C = 7.5 | Dec low C = 3.5 |year low C = 10.1 | Jan record low C = -17 | Feb record low C = -14 | Mar record low C = -10 | Apr record low C = -3 | May record low C = 2 | Jun record low C = 7 | Jul record low C = 10 | Aug record low C = 10 | Sep record low C = 3 | Oct record low C = -3 | Nov record low C = -11 | Dec record low C = -14 |year record low C = -17 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 106 | Feb precipitation mm = 129 | Mar precipitation mm = 100 | Apr precipitation mm = 112 | May precipitation mm = 85 | Jun precipitation mm = 105 | Jul precipitation mm = 106 | Aug precipitation mm = 86 | Sep precipitation mm = 116 | Oct precipitation mm = 108 | Nov precipitation mm = 141 | Dec precipitation mm = 139 |year precipitation mm = 1333 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 11.7 | Feb precipitation days = 13.8 | Mar precipitation days = 13.8 | Apr precipitation days = 13.3 | May precipitation days = 12.1 | Jun precipitation days = 11.9 | Jul precipitation days = 13.6 | Aug precipitation days = 11.6 | Sep precipitation days = 10.8 | Oct precipitation days = 10.3 | Nov precipitation days = 11.8 | Dec precipitation days = 14.5 |year precipitation days = 149.2 | Jan humidity = 68 | Feb humidity = 68 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 66 | May humidity = 69 | Jun humidity = 72 | Jul humidity = 76 | Aug humidity = 75 | Sep humidity = 74 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 65 | Dec humidity = 64 |year humidity = 70 |source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst[7] }} CultureKutaisi has an ancient cultural tradition. Here is a list of the cultural centers in Kutaisi. Museums and other cultural institutions1. Kutaisi State Historical Museum 2. Kutaisi Museum of Sport 3. Kutaisi Museum of Martial Art 4. Museum of Zakaria Paliashvili 5. Kutaisi State Historical Archive 6. Kutaisi State Scientific-Universal Library 7. David Kakabadze Fine Art Gallery 8. Art Salon 9. Akaki Tsereteli State University Theatres and cinema1. Kutaisi Lado Meskhishvili State Academic Theatre 2. Kutaisi Meliton Balanchivadze State Opera House 3. Kutaisi Iakob Gogebashvili State Puppet Theatre 4. Cinema and Entertaining Center “Suliko” 5. Hermann-Wedekind-Jugendtheater Professional unions and public organizations
MediaLocal newspapers include: Kutaisi, Imeretis Moabe, PS, Akhali Gazeti, and Kutaisuri Versia. Other publications include Chveneburebi, a journal published by the Ministry of Diaspora Issues, and Gantiadi, a scientific journal. TV: "Rioni"; Radio: "Dzveli Kalaki" (old City) Also all the republican newspapers, journals and television stations have their representatives in Kutaisi. SportKutaisi has a great tradition in sports, with many famous sport clubs. FC Torpedo Kutaisi has participated on the highest level of the Soviet Union football league. After Georgia achieved independence, it won many domestic and international titles. RC AIA Kutaisi won the Soviet Championship several times in rugby, and after independence, national championships and cups. The women's football club FC Martve takes part at the 2017–18 UEFA Women's Champions League qualifying round after becoming champion in the Georgia women's football championship in 2016. Kutaisi also has an influential basketball club BC Kutaisi 2010, 2016 Champion of the Georgian Superliga, which plays its home games at the Kutaisi Sport Palas. Main sightsThe landmark of the city is the ruined Bagrati Cathedral, built by Bagrat III, king of Georgia, in the early 11th century. The Gelati Monastery a few km east of the city, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. One of the famous churches in Georgia is Motsameta Church. It is named after two saints, brothers David and Constantine. They were the Dukes of Margveti, and were martyred by Arab invaders in the 8th century. Besides the churches, there are many interesting places in Kutaisi, such as: Sataplia Cave, where one can observe footprints of dinosaurs; Geguti Palace, which was one of the residences of Georgian monarchs; "Okros Chardakhi" – Georgian Kings’ Palace; and the Pantheon, where many notable citizens are buried. The Kutaisi Synagogue which was built in 1885 is also an interesting sight. Economy{{Expand section|date=April 2009}}On April 2, 2009, the Georgian economy minister, Lasha Zhvania, announced that an Egypt-based home appliances producer company, Fresh Electric, intends to create a free industrial zone in Kutaisi.[8] TransportAirportDavid the Builder Kutaisi International Airport (IATA: KUT, ICAO: UGKO) is an airport located {{convert|14|km|2|abbr=on}} west of Kutaisi. It is one of three international airports currently in operation in Georgia. RailwayKutaisi Rail Terminal has a direct connection with Tbilisi (Central). Line is served by Georgian Railways. Local celebrations"Kutaisoba" is the most important holiday in Kutaisi. It is celebrated on the second of May. On this day the population of Kutaisi crowds into the central park, with their children and celebrate together. Some people make masks and there are many kinds of performances, so it is a lot of fun. Also little children sell chamomiles. It is an old tradition, in the past ladies collected money for poor people, so today children also collect money for them. On this day one can see traditional Georgian dances and you can hear folk music. Also it is an old tradition to go in the forest, which is near Kutaisi. Families barbecue and play games. On this day, people wear traditional clothes, choxa, so you can imagine that you are in past times. Also there is a new tradition of writing lyrics which have been written by writers from Kutaisi and then airplanes throw them from the sky. There is also a competition in different kinds of martial arts. Notable natives
International relations{{Refimprove section|date=February 2015}}Twin towns and sister cities{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Georgia}}Kutaisi is twinned with: {{div col|colwidth=22em}}
See also
References1. ^Official Government site of Kutaisi {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816150007/http://kutaisi.gov.ge/administration/city-hall/city-mayor/ |date=2014-08-16 }} 2. ^"Kutaisi", Dictionary.com 3. ^Gela Gamkrelidze. RESEARCHES IN IBERIA-COLCHOLOGY. Edited by David Braiind (Prof, of University of Exeter (UK)) // Olar LORDKIPANIDZE CENTRE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM. P. 43 "According to the data on archaeological excavations on the Gabashvili, Dateshidze and Ukimerioni hills in Kutaisi, an urban-type settlement of the 6-5 cent. BC was found to be concentrated" 4. ^Effie Ambler, Russian Journalism and Politics: The Career of Aleksei S. Suvorin, 1861–1881 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1972: {{ISBN|0-8143-1461-9}}), p. 172. 5. ^Relocation of Next Parliament to Kutaisi Endorsed, Civil Georgia, Tbilisi, 21 June 2011.Retrieved: 24 November 2013. 6. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/georgia-opens-new-parliament-in-kutaisi-far-from-the-capital/2012/05/26/gJQAOhOGsU_story.html |title=Georgia opens new parliament in Kutaisi, far from the capital |newspaper=Washington Post |date=26 May 2012 |accessdate=26 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070227/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/georgia-opens-new-parliament-in-kutaisi-far-from-the-capital/2012/05/26/gJQAOhOGsU_story.html |archive-date=2018-12-11 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 7. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_373950_kt.pdf| title = Klimatafel von Kutaisi / Georgien| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst| language = German| accessdate = 14 February 2016}} 8. ^Egypt-based Company Plans Free Industrial Zone in Kutaisi. Civil Georgia. April 2, 2009 9. ^https://iapewec.org/about/members/giorgi/ 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_1719_en.html|title=Twin-cities of Azerbaijan|accessdate=2013-08-09|work=Azerbaijans.com}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nkta.org/the_two_cities.html |title=The two cities |accessdate=23 August 2015 |publisher=Newport Kutaisi Association}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl | title = Poznań – Miasta partnerskie | accessdate = 2013-12-11 | work = 1998–2013 Urząd Miasta Poznania | publisher = City of Poznań | language = Polish | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20130923062530/http://www.poznan.pl/mim/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl | archivedate = 2013-09-23}} }} External links
{{Cities and towns in Georgia (country)}}{{Districts of Georgia}}{{Historic capitals of Georgia}}{{Authority control}} 5 : Archaeological sites in Georgia (country)|Cities and towns in Imereti|Kutais Governorate|Kutaisi|Self-governing cities in Georgia (country) |
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