“Kutch district”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Kutch district (Kutchi and Gujarati: કચ્છ જિલ્લો; also spelled as Kachchh) is a district of Gujarat state in western India. Covering an area of 45,674 km²,^[1] it is the largest district of India^[2]. The population of Kutch is about 2,092,000.^[3] It has 10 Talukas, 939 villages and 6 Municipalities.^[3] The Kutch district is home to the Kutchi people who speak the Kutchi language.

Kutch literally means something which intermittently becomes wet and dry; a large part of this district is known as Rann of Kutch which is shallow wetland which submerges in water during the rainy season and becomes dry during other seasons. The same word is also used in Sanskrit origin for a tortoise. The Rann is known for its marshy salt flats which become snow white after the shallow water dries up each season before the monsoon rains.

The district is also known for ecologically important Banni grasslands with their seasonal marshy wetlands which form the outer belt of the Rann of Kutch.

Kutch District is surrounded by the Gulf of Kutch and the Arabian Sea in south and west, while northern and eastern parts are surrounded by the Great and Little Rann (seasonal wetlands) of Kutch. When there were not many dams built on its rivers, the Rann of Kutch remained wetlands for a large part of the year. Even today, the region remains wet for a significant part of year. The district had a population of 2,092,379 as of 2011 census, of which 30% were urban.^[4] Motor vehicles registered in Kutch district have their registration Number starting with GJ-12. The district is well connected by road, rail and air. There are four airports in the district: Naliya, Kandla, Mundra, and Bhuj. Bhuj is well connected with Mumbai airport. Being a border district, Kutch has both an army and an airforce base.

History

The history of Kutch can be traced back to prehistorical times. There are several sites related to Indus valley civilization in region and is mentioned in Hindu mythology. In historical times, Kutch is mentioned in Greek writings during Alexander. It was ruled by Menander I of Greco-Bactrian Kingdom which was overthrown by Indo-Scythians followed by Maurya Empire and Sakas. in the first century, it was under Western Satraps followed by Gupta Empire. By fifth century, Maitraka of Valabhi took over from which its close association with ruling clans of Gujarat started. Chavdas ruled the eastern and central parts by seventh century but were came under Chaulukyas by tenth century. After fall of Chaulukya, Vaghelas ruled the state. Following conquest of Sindh by Muslim rulers, Rajput Samma started moving southwards to Kutch and ruled western regions initially. By tenth century, they controlled significant area of Kutch and by thirteenth century they controlled whole of Kutch and adopted a new dynastic identity, Jadeja.

For three centuries, Kutch was divided and ruled by three different branches of Jadeja brothers. In sixteenth century, Kutch was unified under one rule by Rao Khengarji I of these branches and his direct descendants ruled for two centuries and had good relationship with Gujarat Sultanate and Mughals. One of his descendants, Rayadhan II left three sons of whom two died and third son, Pragmal Ji took over the state and founded the current lineage of rulers at the start of the seventeenth century. The descendants of other brothers founded states in Kathiawar. After turbulent periods and battles with armies of Sindh, the state was stabilized in the middle of eighteenth century by council known as Bar Bhayat ni Jamat who placed Rao as a titular head and ruled independently. The state accepted suzerainty of British East India Company in 1819 when Kutch was defeated in battle. The state was devastated by an earthquake in 1819. The state stabilized and flourished in business under subsequent rulers.

Upon the independence of India in 1947, Kutch acceded unto the dominion of India and was constituted an independent commissionaire. It was created a state within the union of India in 1950. The state witnessed an earthquake in 1956. On 1 November 1956, Kutch State was merged with Bombay state, which in 1960 was divided into the new linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, with Kutch becoming part of Gujarat state as Kutch district. The district was affected by tropical cyclone in 1998 and the earthquake in 2001. The state saw rapid industrialization and growth in tourism in subsequent years.

Geography

Kutch District, at {{Convert|45691.895|sqkm|sqmi}}, is the largest district in India. The administrative headquarters is in Bhuj which is geographically in the center of district. Other main towns are Gandhidham, Rapar, Nakhatrana, Anjar, Mandvi, Madhapar, Mundra and Bhachau. Kutch has 969 villages. Kala Dungar (Black Hill) is the highest point in Kutch at {{Convert|458|m|ft|0}}.

Kutch is virtually an island, as it is surrounded by the Arabian Sea in the west; the Gulf of Kutch in south and southeast and Rann of Kutch in north and northeast. The border with Pakistan lies along the northern edge of the Rann of Kutch, of the Sir Creek. The Kutch peninsula is an example of active fold and thrust tectonism. In Central Kutch there are four major east-west hill ranges characterized by fault propagation folds with steeply dipping northern limbs and gently dipping southern limbs. From the gradual increasing dimension of the linear chain of hillocks towards the west along the Kutch mainland fault and the epicentre of the earthquake of 2001 lying at the eastern extreme of Kutch mainland fault, it is suggested that the eastern part of the Kutch mainland fault is progressively emerging upward. It can be suggested from the absence of distinct surface rupture both during the 1956 Anjar earthquake and 2001 Bhuj earthquake, that movements have taken place along a blind thrust. Villages situated on the blind thrust in the eastern part of the Kutch mainland hill range (viz. Jawaharnagar, Khirsara, Devisar, Amarsar and Bandhdi) were completely erased during the 2001 earthquake.^[6]

Rivers and dams

There are ninety-seven small rivers in Kutch District, most of which flow into the Arabian Sea, but some of which feed the Rann of Kutch.^[7] Twenty major dams,^[8] and numerous smaller dams, capture the rainy season runoff.^[9] While most of these dams do not affect the Ranns, as they are on rivers that feed directly into the Arabian Sea, storage of rainy season water upstream from Kutch and its use in irrigation has resulted in less fresh water coming into the Ranns of Kutch during the rainy season. This is true of the Great Rann, but particularly true of the Little Rann which is fed by the Luni, Rupen, the Bambhan, the Malwan, the Kankawati, and the Saraswati rivers. However sea water from the Arabian Sea still continues to be driven into the Great Rann by storm tides aided by high winds.^[10] Water remains a serious issue in Kutch.^[11] Kutch's thirst for water is satisfied by Narmada river flowing from Sardar Sarovar dam.

Divisions

The Kutch is divided into four zones, namely (a)Wagad (Regional including Rapar and Bhachau Taluka and Little Rann),(b) Kanthi(Sea Coast area, derived from Gujarati:કાંઠો) comprising Anjar Mundra and Mandvi Taluka, (c) Banni Region with Pascham which includes Bhuj, Nakhatrana and surrounding areas and (d) Maghpat which includes part of Nakhatrana and Lakhapat taluka. ^[12]

Under the Kutch princely state, Kutch was divided into Bani, Abdaso, Anjar, Banni, Bhuvad Chovisi, Garado, Halar Chovisi, Kand, Kantho, Khadir, Modaso, Pranthal, Prawar, and Vagad.

Kutch District is divided into ten talukas: Abdasa (Abdasa-Nalia), Anjar, Bhachau, Bhuj, Gandhidham, Lakhpat, Mandvi, Mundra, Nakhatrana, and Rapar.^[13]

Wildlife sanctuaries and reserves

From the city Bhuj various ecologically rich and wildlife conservation areas of the Kutch district can be visited such as Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary, Kutch Bustard Sanctuary, Banni Grasslands Reserve and Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Kutch District has a population of 2,090,313,^[14] roughly equal to the nation of Macedonia^[15] or the US state of New Mexico.^[16] This gives it a ranking of 217th in India (out of a total of 640).^[14] The district has a population density of {{convert| 46 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.^[14] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 32.16%.^[14] Kutch has a sex ratio of 908 females for every 1000 males,^[14] and a literacy rate of 71.58%.^[14]

Education

Higher education in Kutch is regulated by Kachchh University since 2003.^[17] About 43 colleges in total are affiliated to the university, offering courses in Humanities, Science, Commerce, Medicine, Nursing, Education and Computing Science.^[18] Professional courses in Engineering, Pharmacy and Management are regulated through the Gujarat Technological University.^[19]

Culture

Language

The language spoken predominantly in the Kutch district is Kutchi language, Sindhi and Gujarati. The script of the Kutchi language has become extinct. It is now mainly written in the Gujarati script. Samples of Kutch script are available in the Kutch Museum. The increased use of Gujarati language is mainly because of its being a medium of instruction in schools.

People

Kutch district is inhabited by various groups and communities. One can find various nomadic, semi nomadic and artisan groups living in Kutch. Gujarati Ahirs constitute a comparatively large group in Kutch.^[20]

Food and drink

The majority of the population is Hindu and Jain and thus largely vegetarian. Jains also refrain from eating kandmool food grown below the ground such as potatoes, garlic, onion, and yam. There are also a sizeable population of Muslims, who eat vegetables, chicken, mutton and occasionally camels.

In the villages, staple foods include kadi-khichdi, bajra and milk ; bajara na rotla with curd and buttermilk is very common food for all the Gujarati people. Bajra was introduced by a king of this region named Lakho Fulani. During his period of exile, he came to know about this grain in some tribal regions. They also extensively drink buttermilk during lunch. Milk is considered to be sacred food and offering it to somebody is considered a gesture of friendship and welcoming. Settlement of dispute invariably follows offering milk to each other as a concluding remark. In the Kutchi engagement ceremony, the bride's family offers milk to the groom's relatives as a symbol of accepting their relationship.

Economy

Historically Kutch was always considered a backward region due to its location and submerged geography. The situation seemed to have worsened after the disastrous Kutch earthquake. But in the next decade, the economy took an almost miraclous jumpstart due to the intense efforts of the Gujarat government. Kutch today is a growing economic and industrial hub in one of India's fastest growing states - Gujarat. Its location on the far western edge of India has resulted in the commissioning of two major ports Kandla and Mundra. These ports are near most to the Gulf and Europe by the sea route. The hinterland of north-western India hosts more than 50% of India's population.

Quality of roads is good in Kutch. The large part of the growth of Kutch came after intense development by the state government as part of 2001 earthquake relief.

Due to the existence of two major ports i.e. Kandla and Mundra transportation as a business has thrived. Since historical times the people of Kutch have formed the backbone of trade between Gujarat mainland and Sindh. After the formation of Pakistan this trade stopped for good, but due to the inception of the Kandla port, trade boomed again. Kandla port is also in Kutch. It is considered Gateway to India's North. It is managed by the Kandla Port trust.

Mineral

Kutch is a mineral rich region with a very large reserve of Lignite,^[21] Bauxite, Gypsum and other minerals. Kutch received tax break for industries for 15 years after the major earthquake on 26 January 2001.

Lignite is mined only by Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation (GMDC) at its two mines in Panandhro and Mata no Madh. The Panandaro mines has now been reserved for GEB and GMDC power plants and GMDC has stopped supplying other industries from there.^[22]

Cement and Power

Kutch also houses cement plants [https://web.archive.org/web/20150801012635/http://anjangroup.com/ Gujarat Anjan Cement Limited promoted by infrastructure conglomerate Anjan Group] and Sanghi Industries Ltd's promoted by Sanghi Group . The companies are now planning to increase the capacity at Abdasa location from 3–9 million tons per annum.^[23] By 2015, the company plans to produce 20 million tons.^[23]

Other major Industries in Kutch are Tata Power's first 4000 MW Ultra Mega Power Project (UMPP) of India. Adani Power expects to tie up funds for its 3300 MW plant by March 2012 and is on track to complete the installation of 10,000 MW projects by 2013.

Forestry

Kutch district has a scanty forest cover. Hence there is negligible risk of illegal cutting of forests. This coupled with the adequate facilities available at Kandla port has helped establish the timber market. In 1987, "Kandla Timber Association" was formed in order to resolve the specific problems of timber importers and timber allied industries coming up during the period. The timber industry is growing at a faster pace with 300 saw mills working in Gandhidham-Kandla Complex.

Salt

The Little Rann of Kutch is known for its traditional salt production and various references mention this to be a 600-year-old activity. During the British period, this activity increased manifold. It was used to fund a substantial part of the military expenses of the British government.

Communities involved in salt production are mainly Chunvaliya Koli, Ahir and Miyana (Muslim), residing in 107 villages in the periphery of Lesser Rann of Kutch. These communities are traditionally known to have the skills of salt production and are known as ‘Agariyas’. Water quality in 107 villages of Lesser Rann of Kutch is saline, thus agriculture is not an option. Hence salt production is the only livelihood option for Agariyas. As per the Salt Commission’s report there are 45000 Agariyas working in the salt pans of Kutch. Out of the estimated total annual production of India of about 180 lakh tonnes, Gujarat contributes 75% - mainly from Kutch and other parts of Saurashtra.

Textile Art

Kutch is one of the most prolific regions in India in the area of textile art. Kutch embroidery is dense with motifs, and a variation with mirrors sewn into the embroidery is one of the signature arts of this region.{{fact|date=March 2019}}

Within the category of Kutch embroidery there are several sub-categories as each tribe and sub-tribe produces a unique signature form of art.

Kutch embroidery is an evolving expression of the craft and textile traditions of the Rabaris, a nomadic tribe in Gujarat. Kutch embroidery is unique in the sense that a net is woven on a cloth using thread.The net is then filled in using the same thread by intricate interlocking stitches. The patterns are usually built around geometric shapes.This embroidery follows its own traditional design logic and juxtaposition of colours and motifs. The Rohanas tribals of Kutch specialise in skirt work. The Sodhas use a geometric style for their embroidery. The Garacia Jats are experts in tiny embroidery on the yoke, which intermingles with red, orange, blue and green threads. The Dhanetah Jats love embroidering broad pear-shaped mirrors using orange, black, yellow and red in chain stitch.

Religion

In culture

J. P. Dutta's Bollywood film Refugee is shot on location in the Great Rann of Kutch and other locations in the Kutch district of Gujarat, India. This film is attributed to have been inspired by the famous story by Keki N. Daruwalla based around the Great Rann of Kutch titled Love Across the Salt Desert^[28] which is also included as one of the short stories in the School Standard XII syllabus English text book of NCERT in India.^[29] The film crew having traveled from Mumbai was based at the city of Bhuj and majority of the film shooting took place in various locations around in the Kutch District of the Indian state of Gujarat including the Great Rann of Kutch (also on BSF controlled "snow white" Rann within), Villages and Border Security Force (BSF) Posts in Banni grasslands and the Rann, Tera fort village, Lakhpat fort village, Khera fort village, a village in southern Kutch, some ancient temples of Kutch and with parts and a song filmed on set in Mumbai's Kamalistan Studio.

Just after the film shooting of Refugee finished, the film crew of another Bollywood film Lagaan descended on Bhuj in Kutch and shot the entire film in the region, employing local people and villagers from miles around. A set of a full period Village was constructed for the film with typical Kutch style mud houses or huts with thatched straw roofs called boongas.^[30]

The Rann of Kutch has been used as a location by filmmakers in the recent times.{{when|date=March 2019}} Movies like Ramleela, R... Rajkumar, Raees, Gori Tere Pyaar Mein and The Good Road have been filmed in the area.{{fact|date=March 2019}}

See also

References

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2. ^{{cite web|url=http://sattazon.xyz/satta-matka-result-gali-desawer-number-online.php|title=SATTA KING |publisher=sattazon.xyz/satta-matka-result-gali-desawer-number-online.php|accessdate=2017-08-10}}
3. ^¹https://kutch.gujarat.gov.in/about-kutch
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Census GIS India |publisher=Censusindiamaps.net |date= |accessdate=2012-11-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111052456/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |archivedate=11 January 2010 |df= }}
5. ^{{Cite web|first=Suichi|last=Takezawa|journal=The Diverse Architectural World of The Indian Sub-Continent|volume=III|url=http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf|format=pdf|title=Stepwells -Cosmology of Subterranean Architecture as seen in Adalaj|accessdate=2009-11-18}}
6. ^{{Cite journal |last1=Karanth |first1=R. V. |last2=Gadhavi |first2=M. S. |date=2007-11-10 |title=Structural intricacies: Emergent thrusts and blind thrusts of central kachchh, western india |journal=Current Science |issue=9 |pages=1271–1280 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/nov102007/1271.pdf |volume=93 |postscript=}}
7. ^{{Cite web|title=Rivers of Kachchh Region|publisher=|url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/images/Katch_big.jpg|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608032050/http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/images/Katch_big.jpg|archivedate=8 June 2013|deadurl=no}}
8. ^{{Cite web|title=Gujarat: Disaster Management Plan: Operation of gates and rule curve levels for Irrigation Projects|publisher=Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department|page=28|url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/downloads/disaster_man_plan_1.8.pdf}}
9. ^{{Cite web|title=2001 Kutch Earthquake Gujarat State, India: Investigation into Damage to Civil Engineering Structures: Dams|publisher=The Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)|url=http://www.jsce.or.jp/report/12/Indian/Report/PDF/indo6.pdf}}
10. ^{{Cite web|author=Gupta, Vishal Jaishankar|year=2011|chapter=Chapter 2. Environmental Outlines of the little Rann of Kutch|title=Geomorphodynamics and morphoecological management in the little Rann of Kutch|publisher=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8899/9/09_chapter%202.pdf}}, full document
11. ^{{Cite news|author=Bhagat, Pamela|date=6 June 2004|title=A desert weeps|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600140200.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627184933/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600140200.htm|archivedate=27 June 2004|deadurl=no}}
12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&pg=PA2&dq=kanthi+area+in+kutch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj67Lj7mK7cAhUOY48KHZEJDD4Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=kanthi%20area%20in%20kutch&f=false|title=Gujarat|date=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179911044|language=en}}
13. ^{{Cite web|title=Kachchh District Panchayat: Taluka Panchayat|publisher=Kutch District|url=http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/english/panchayat/taluka-panchayat.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915111800/http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/english/panchayat/taluka-panchayat.htm|archivedate=15 September 2012|deadurl=no}}
14. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | accessdate = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}
15. ^{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | accessdate = 2011-10-01 | quote = Macedonia 2,077,328 July 2011 est. }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |accessdate=2011-09-30 |quote=New Mexico - 2,059,179 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df= }}
17. ^http://kskvku.digitaluniversity.ac/WebFiles/Kutch%20Uni%20Act%202003.pdf
18. ^http://kskvku.digitaluniversity.ac/WebFiles/List_of_Affiliated_Colleges%20-%2013-14_New.pdf
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gtu.ac.in/affiliatedInstitute.asp |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421074116/http://www.gtu.ac.in/affiliatedInstitute.asp |archivedate=21 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
20. ^http://www.apnaorg.com/books/english/aboriginal-tribes/aboriginal-tribes.pdf
21. ^The brown gold of Kutch - By tapping the huge mineral deposits of the Kutch region, Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. plans to turn the backward area into a prosperous one.; SPECIAL FEATURE: GUJARAT; By V.K. CHAKRAVARTI; Volume 20 - Issue 06, 15–28 March 2003; Frontline Magazine; India's National Magazine from the publishers of THE HINDU
22. ^
23. ^¹{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=SIL to set up cement plant in Kutch |url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2162629.cms |format=cms |work=News article |publisher=Times of India |location=Ahmedabad |pages= |page= |date=2007-06-30 |accessdate=2008-08-12 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130103095250/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2162629.cms|dead-url=yes|archivedate=2013-01-03}}
24. ^http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/346
25. ^http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/355
26. ^http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/352
27. ^http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/10/354
28. ^LOVE ACROSS THE SALT DESERT {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222431/http://learnhub.com/lesson/8204-love-across-the-salt-desert |date= 2 December 2013 }}; by Keki N. Daruwalla. Pdf of full story posted at Boston University at . Bollywood connection - J. P. Dutta's "Refugee" is said to be inspired by this story {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231316/http://learnhub.com/lesson/8205-love-across-the-salt-desert-know-more |date= 2 December 2013 }}; learnhub, University of Dundee
29. ^(iii) Supplementary Reader; Selected Pieces of General English for Class XII; English General - Class XII {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129003324/http://cicmanipur.nic.in/html/hr_c_syll_enggen.asp |date=29 January 2011 }}; Curriculum and Syllabus for Classes XI & XII; NCERT. Also posted at [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:7ntDKDdv7C8J:www.cisce.org/data/Syllabus%2520for%2520ISC%25202011/ISC%2520Appendix%2520-%2520I%2520-%2520List%2520of%2520Prescribed%2520Text%2520Books.pdf+love+across+the+salt+desert+school+book&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgJ2u5Zn9VJb8UC3LXk1MDsfBERX-6E1YnXt26Zlk-U0eZUQUcI9sYBSYRsT0kWnjkODYtCiUrkQ5FFA0zNmU2iH6SusNqJp69XsZRKb9NGE5CbIDuH7jKqGHt-5Zq1ohU1Ese-&sig=AHIEtbTRkblCLszaeaAoijZrBVDt84XjRA] / [https://web.archive.org/web/20090902193543/http://www.cisce.org/data/Syllabus%20for%20ISC%202011/ISC%20Appendix%20-%20I%20-%20List%20of%20Prescribed%20Text%20Books.pdf], {{cite web|url=http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/q/6J/B3/6JB30202.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=6 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410164431/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/q/6J/B3/6JB30202.htm |archivedate=10 April 2009 }}
30. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=LgyDSNoCLYEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Google Books Preview: "The spirit of Lagaan - The extraordinary story of the creators of a classic"]; by Satyajit Bhatkal; Published by Popular Prakshan Pvt. Ltd.; {{ISBN|81-7991-003-2}} (3749)