“Lifeway”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

From the mid 19th century, the word was used with the meaning 'way through life' or 'way of life'.^[1] It appears, for example, in literary contexts in the stories of Clara Lee^[2] and Rose Porter,^[3] in the verse of Frank L. Stanton,^[4] and in editor and politician Edgar Howard's opinion pieces on other political figures.^[5]^[6]

Anthropology and archeology

Dr Arthur C. Parker, American archaeologist of Seneca and Scots-English descent, was one of the earliest to use the term in reference to Native American ways of life, saying in an article published by the Binghamton Press in 1930, "Our key to the future is locked in the life-ways of our Indian predecessors".^[7] Use of the term in anthropology was established with the publication of Morris Edward Opler's 1941 study An Apache Life-Way: The Economic, Social, and Religious Institutions of the Chiricahua Indians.^[8]

Recent explanations of the term in the field of Native American and other Indigenous studies "suggest the close interaction of worldview and economy in small-scale societies".^[10] The word 'lifeway' "emphasizes the road of life as indigenous people see it. Such a perspective can be associated with the concept "worldview," a distinct way of thinking about the cosmos and of evaluating life's actions in terms of those views",^[9] and focuses on "an interpretive effort to express indigenous understandings of human-earth relations as an interactive and pervasive context that outsiders might label religion."^[10]

Sociology

The field of sociology also adopted the word 'lifeway', with one sociologist explaining that "the definition of status differences and the conceptualization of lifeway patterns ... reflect the central significant of economic referents;" "each lifeway pattern would appear .. as a linked values system [which] ... would exhibit customs, sanctions, habits, and meanings".^[11] Urban as well as rural lifeways could be analysed and described (for example, a 1950 thesis on A Sociological Analysis of the Chicago Skid Row Lifeway).^[12]

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite book |chapter=lifeway, n. |title=OED Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=December 2018 |chapter-url=http://www.oed.com.rp.nla.gov.au/view/Entry/108133?redirectedFrom=lifeway |accessdate=17 January 2019}}
2. ^{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Clara J. |title=Delia Arnold - A Heart History |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/254889985 |accessdate=17 January 2019 |work=Buffalo Evening Post |date=24 April 1856 |location=Buffalo, New York |pages=1–2}}
3. ^{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Rose |title=Grace Hinsdale's Lily |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/466363848/?terms=lifeway |accessdate=17 January 2019 |work=The Aegis & Intelligencer |date=21 May 1875 |location=Bel Air, Maryland |page=1}}
4. ^{{cite news |last1=Stanton |first1=Frank L. |title=Songs of Frank L. Stanton - On the Life-Way |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/82307818/?terms=lifeway |accessdate=17 January 2019 |work=Oakland Tribune - The Sunday Feature |date=10 April 1921 |location=Oakland, California |page=6}}
5. ^{{cite news |last1=Howard |first1=Edgar |title=Senator Borah Tells why |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/428948200/?terms=lifeway |accessdate=17 January 2019 |work=The Columbus Telegram |date=6 February 1936 |location=Columbus, Nebraska |page=4 |quote=The entire life-way of Borah has been the way of a lone wolf in politics.}}
6. ^{{cite news |last1=Howard |first1=Edgar |title=A Remarkable Woman |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/429036022/?terms=lifeway |accessdate=17 January 2019 |work=The Columbus Telegram |date=29 November 1937 |location=Columbus, Nebraska |page=2 |quote=The very beauty of her life-way has lifted her to high place in the admiration of the American people.}}
7. ^{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Dr. Arthur C. |title=Americans Becoming Indians Faster Than They Realize, Dr. Parker Says; Telling Why |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/253702242 |accessdate=17 January 2019 |work=Binghamton Press |date=27 September 1930 |location=Binghamton, New York |page=13}}
8. ^{{cite journal |last1=Benedict |first1=Ruth |title=Reviewed Work: An Apache Life-Way: The Economic, Social, and Religious Institutions of the Chiricahua Indians by Morris E. Opler |journal=American Anthropologist |series=New Series |date=October–December 1942 |volume=44 |issue=4, Part 1 |pages=692–693 |jstor=663315 |doi=10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00100 }}
9. ^{{cite book |last1=Grim |first1=John A. |editor1-last=Post |editor1-first=Stephen G. |title=Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Vol. 4 |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |location=New York, NY |page=1881 |edition=3rd |chapter-url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3402500381/GVRL?u=nla&sid=GVRL&xid=477a398d |chapter-format=Gale Virtual Reference Library |chapter=Native American Religions, Bioethics in}}
10. ^¹{{cite book |last1=Grim |first1=John A. |editor1-last=Gottlieb |editor1-first=Roger S. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780195178722 |pages=286–306 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=_LldeLvqQNsC&pg=PA289&dq=lifeway+-church+-christian+-bible&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwittruB_-bfAhVVb30KHYujDMo4FBDoAQg9MAQ#v=onepage&q=lifeway%20-church%20-christian%20-bible&f=false |accessdate=17 January 2019 |chapter=Indigenous Traditions - Religion and Ecology}}
11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Foreman |first1=Paul B. |title=Negro Lifeways in the Rural South: A Typological Approach to Social Differentiation |journal=American Sociological Review |date=August 1948 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=409–418 |doi=10.2307/2087235 |jstor=2087235 }}
12. ^{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Samuel E. |title=The Road to Skid Row |journal=Social Problems |date=Summer 1968 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=92–105 |doi=10.2307/799529 |quote=See: Howard George Bain, A Sociological Analysis of the Chicago Skid Row Lifeway, Chicago: unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Chicago, 1950.|jstor=799529 }}

History

Literature

Anthropology and archeology

Sociology

See also

References