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词条 Lift and strike (Bosnian War)
释义

  1. Background

  2. Spread of the idea

  3. References

{{Other uses|Lift and strike (disambiguation){{!}}Lift and strike}}Lift and strike was the name of an American policy, which sought to improve the chances of a political settlement in the Bosnian War. The idea of the proposal was to lift a United Nations arms embargo in order to allow the poorly armed Bosniaks to arm with imported weapons, thus balancing the conflict, along with the threat of air strikes against the Bosnian Serbs.[1][2] The policy was initially called for in the summer of 1992 by the then Bosnian President Alija Izetbegović,[3] and later adopted by several US Senators including Joseph Biden. After initially opposing the policy, Bill Clinton adopted it as a part of his 1992 campaign platform, in an effort to distance himself from George H. W. Bush on foreign policy.[4]United States Secretary of State Warren Christopher visited European governments in May 1993 in order to persuade them to support the strategy, which would have required their involvement, but the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Russia rejected the proposal,[1][5] fearing that it would endanger UNPROFOR troops and the UNHCR's humanitarian programme.[6]

In 1994, the United States Congress and Senate called for the arms embargo to be lifted, but by this time Clinton opposed it because of previous European opposition.[7][8] Several important political figures had called for military intervention, including US Senator Bob Dole and former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.[3]

The conflict was finally brought to an end in 1995 by the Dayton Agreement, following NATO bombing of Bosnian Serb Army positions.[9]

Background

At the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 713 on September 25, 1991. The resolution imposed an international arms embargo on all Yugoslav territories, in an effort to prevent escalating violence. At the time the embargo was imposed, only the Yugoslav National Army (JNA), which was believed to be neutral, had significant supplies of heavy weapons. However, as the conflict progressed the JNA fell under Serb control. As a result, Serb forces from Serbia, the Republika Srpska and the Republic of Serbian Krajina inherited large weapons stockpiles from the JNA, leaving Croatia and Bosnia struggling with what they had captured during the Battle of the Barracks or smuggled under difficult conditions. Thus, the arms embargo "cemented an imbalance in weaponry" among the sides in the conflict.[10]

In response to the uneven situation, President Izetbegović and the Bosnian government made repeated calls to lift the arms embargo, so that they could arm their army to resist the Serbs. Izetbegović and other Bosniak politicians also claimed that the embargo was an illegal violation of the Bosnian right to self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter.[11]

Spread of the idea

Starting in 1992, a number of US foreign policy experts and politicians began to warm to the idea of lifting the arms embargo to even the playing field, and a number advocated air strikes against the Serbs, as they were perceived to be the principal aggressors. In July 1992, Bill Clinton adopted the idea of lift and strike as part of his call for "real leadership" in Bosnia, an effort to strengthen his foreign policy platform. While President Bush was seen as a foreign policy expert, the Clinton team identified Bosnia as one of his weaknesses. Clinton "called on Mr. Bush to seek United Nations authorization of selective bombing of Serbian targets in Bosnia", and delivered strong rhetoric on the Bosnian crisis.[12] In early August, in response to Congressional debate, Clinton declared himself in favor "of lifting the arms embargo on the former Yugoslav republics of Bosnia and Croatia." [13]

Throughout August 1992, the "lift and strike" idea began to catch on in the press. New York Times correspondent Leslie Gelb proposed that US officials could "threaten air strikes against targets in Serbia...and threaten to arm the virtually defenseless Muslims...to discourage Serbia from spreading its policy of ethnic cleansing".[14] Also, in late August, Senator George J. Mitchell met with President Izetbegović, and after the meeting told reporters "that Izetbegović had made 'a very strong case that an arms embargo freezing a military imbalance in place was inherently unjust." [15]

Growing support for the idea culminated in Senate Resolution 341 on September 16, 1992, which called on the President to end the arms embargo.[16]

References

1. ^1 {{cite book|last=Bacevich|first=Andrew|title=American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of US Diplomacy|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|year=2002|pages=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TND4SpnuxIC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=%22lift+and+strike%22|isbn=978-0-674-00940-0}}
2. ^{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E0D81339F930A15752C1A963958260|title=Essay: Biting Bosnia's bullet |last=Safire|first=William|date=23 November 1995|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=10 August 2008}}
3. ^1 {{cite book|last=Silber|first=Laura|author2=Little, Alan |title=The Death of Yugoslavia|publisher=Penguin/BBC Books|location=London|year=1996|edition=2nd|pages=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kJFAAAACAAJ&dq=The+Death+of+Yugoslavia|isbn=0-14-024904-4}}
4. ^{{cite news| title = A democratic leader on foreign policy, in Iraq and the Balkans | last = Gordon | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael R. Gordon| work= New York Times | date = 23 August 2008 | accessdate = 17 February 2009 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24policy.html}}
5. ^{{cite book|last=Daalder|first=Ivo H.|title=Getting to Dayton: The Making of America's Bosnia Policy|publisher=Brookings Institution|location=Washington, DC|year=2000|pages=14–18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNMrdbug4S0C&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=%22Lift+and+strike%22|isbn=978-0-8157-1692-1}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=Fenton|first=Neil|title=Understanding the UN Security Council: Coercion Or Consent?|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot|year=2004|pages=157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJniAe16FCIC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=%22lift+and+strike%22|isbn=978-0-7546-4092-9}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E0DA1039F932A25757C0A960958260|title=Oversight evader|last=Safire|first=William|publisher=New York Times|date=11 April 1996|accessdate=16 May 2008}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last=Peceny|first=Mark|author2=Sanchez-Terry, Shannon |year=1998|title=Liberal interventionism in Bosnia|journal=The Journal of Conflict Studies|volume=18|issue=1|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/11670/12397}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.afsouth.nato.int/factsheets/DeliberateForceFactSheet.htm|title=Operation Deliberate Force|date=16 December 2002|publisher=NATO|accessdate=26 November 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110153404/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/factsheets/DeliberateForceFactSheet.htm|archivedate=10 November 2008|df=}}
10. ^{{cite book|title = The Triumph of the Lack of Will| first = James | last = Gow | publisher = Columbia University Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-231-10916-1 | page = 39}}
11. ^{{cite book|title = The Triumph of the Lack of Will| first = James | last = Gow | publisher = Columbia University Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-231-10916-1 | page = 38}}
12. ^{{cite news | title =Clinton Attacked on Foreign Policy| first = Andrew | last = Rosenthal | date = 28 July 1992 | work = New York Times | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D91630F93BA15754C0A964958260&sec=&spon= | accessdate = 18 February 2009}}
13. ^{{cite news|title = Clinton Takes Aggressive Stances On Role of U.S. in Bosnia Conflict | first = Gwen | last = Ifill | work = New York Times | date = 10 August 1992 | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFD81E38F933A2575BC0A964958260&sec=&spon= | accessdate = 18 February 2009}}
14. ^{{cite news| title = The Awful Choice in Bosnia | first = Leslie | last = Gelb | work = New York Times| date = 27 August 1992 | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE4D7143AF934A1575BC0A964958260&sec=&spon= | accessdate = 18 February 2009}}
15. ^{{cite news | title = Bosnia's Muslims Press Appeals for Western Arms | first = Peter | last = Maass | work = The Washington Post | date = 25 August 1992}}
16. ^{{cite web| title = Calling for the termination of the arms embargo imposed on Bosnia-Hercegovina and Croatia (Introduced in Senate) | url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:S.RES.341: | accessdate = 18 February 2009}}
{{Bosnian War}}

3 : Bosnian War|Clinton Administration initiatives|Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations
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